So, good morning.
Welcome to the lecture on Algorithms for Internet Applications to this
course that we teach in English.
I will make a few remarks on that a little bit later.
And what we saw initially is that sometimes we have problems with
technology.
I will also make a few more remarks on that a little bit later.
So, my name is Hartmut Schmeck.
I'm teaching this course here, not for the first time, but I've taught
that for several times already.
My background is that I am in the Faculty of Economics and Business
Engineering, or Economics and Management as we call it meanwhile, at
the Institute for Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods,
AIFB.
In addition to that, I also have duties in the Institute for Applied
Informatics in the Helmholtz part of the KIT and in the Research
Center Informatics.
And I will tell you a little bit more about that in a moment.
So, that's my picture again.
Certainly you all see me here, so why do I put my photo on the slide?
That's because there are a few students who don't see me live, but
only in the recorded version.
And so, they will be glad to see how I look like.
So, that's my contact details.
I'm sitting in the building at Kronplatz.
And there are office hours usually right after this course.
And you certainly can contact me by email, but also come to my office
hours.
And then I'm there to answer your questions, whatever you might be in
need of.
My research areas, just to give you a little bit of information about
my background, is originally algorithms and architectures.
Efficient algorithms and architectures.
All different kinds of architectures, like certain sequential
computers, parallel computers, VLSI designed computing devices,
reconfigurable architectures, and things like that.
And then I went on to bio-inspired optimization, where we make use of
all these different infrastructures.
In particular, evolutionary algorithms, genetic algorithms, ant colony
optimization, particle swarm optimization, and things like that.
After that, or based on all these things, we shape the area of organic
computing.
Where organic refers to a behavior of systems that is in some way
organic or adaptive.
That means systems are able to adapt in a self-organized way,
autonomously, to changing requirements in their operation environment.
And this type of behavior is something which we would like to see in
many places, for many different systems.
And since systems in the future will be self-organizing to quite some
extent, it's important to have the adequate architectures for that.
We designed architectures for that in a large research program, part
of the research program of the German Research Association.
And I coordinated that program.
And the technologies that we developed there actually were very
helpful for areas like traffic.
So we had interesting applications of traffic, designed organic
traffic control systems for controlling traffic light signals, such
that the traffic flows in a more organic way, adapting to the
different requirements of the traffic.
But we have self-organizing green waves or progressive signal systems.
And then an area popped up which became more and more and more
important, energy systems.
And you know they're all talking about the Energiewende.
And so there we have to transform our system, our energy system, into
a system that is much more decentralized.
And so for that we need, to a much larger extent than before, we need
informatics, we need information communication technologies.
And that's what we do in the area of energy informatics.
And so we have quite a few projects on that.
We had the project Meragio on minimum emission regions.
And that was within the energy program of the federal government.
There were six model regions and we had one of them, Meragio, where we
had 1,000 households who were equipped with intelligent devices.
And so that was extended with Meragio Mobile.
Meragio Mobile referred to the program ICT for electric mobility.
And there the interesting question was how we can actually integrate
the charging requirements of batteries into the energy system.
And we did that using or building a lab for that, the KRT Smart Home
Lab, which you might have seen or heard of, which is on campus.
There we actually experiment with integrating in a smart way the
charging requirements of an electric vehicle into a smart home
environment and into the energy system.
And from that on we also worked in other projects like Chrome.
Chrome is a project on cross-border mobility with electric vehicles.
And that's a German-French consortium where we look at the effect of
services that we have for supporting electric vehicles and how people
behave.
So on different things are done there.
By the way, when I say we, it's always a group of researchers, a group
of people from KRT and Meragio Mobile, for example.
There were 11 chairs of informatics, telematics, energy economics,
electrical engineering, in particular power engineering and law, who
were cooperating.
And they also do that in the project EIZEUS, Intelligence Zero
Emission Urban System, where we extend or continue the work that we
have started with Meragio Mobile, using or providing services, ICT
services, for supporting electric mobility in the energy system.
And so these are all interesting projects.
These are, like, if you get the, or when you get the PDF version of
these slides, you can click on those places.
It's combined with a link to the webpages of those projects.
If you're interested to see more about that, you're welcome to look at
that.
I will not go into the details in the moment, just tell you a little
bit about it.
Then Castel is a nice project, a very important project here for
Karlsruhe.
It's a competent center for applied security technologies.
And there we design, like, together with its 10 chairs of informatics,
and there we design technologies for making systems more secure, in
particular in the areas like smart grid or in scenarios where you have
some observation of people moving in buildings.
And there are some security requirements.
You don't want everybody to go in there.
If something bad happens, you would like to notice that, but you still
want to protect the privacy of the people.
That's something that is done at the Pramov Institute of Professor
Vajera.
And I'm there working on the security of smart grid applications
related to our smart home.
And then I'm active in the LSDMA.
What is LSDMA?
Large Scale Data Management and Analysis.
It's a project or a so-called portfolio project in the Helmholtz part
of the KIT related to the supercomputing program.
And there we work on large scale data management and analysis.
And I'm in particular responsible for the data life cycle lab.
Energy is there where we look at the data life cycle of data related
to energy applications.
Interesting topic.
That means we have to look there at the generation of data, the use of
data, the administration of data, and the disposal of data.
Disposal is something which some people forget.
But you have to look at that also.
How we get actually rid of data and how we can actually delete data at
some point in time.
And when you are using it, how can you use it such that all the
different requirements and digital rights that you have there are
actually respected.
So interesting topics related to security, to big data, to energy.
And all these things have to do also with technologies that are based
on the internet.
And many things have come up based on the technologies that have been
developed within the, or based on, internet technologies.
And that's what we will be concentrating on in this course.
Then we have at KRT, we have different research structures.
And one research structure are focuses and centers.
And one of these focuses is computation, where computation is the
artificial world constructed from the combination of communication and
computation.
And this is not an artificial combination, but this is a natural
combination.
Because if you look at all kinds of interesting technologies and
interesting technical application areas, meanwhile, all of these, I
mentioned a few, traffic, energy, health.
You can look at many different interesting application scenarios where
you always have to look at the combination of communication, efficient
communication, and very well engineered computation.
So it's the combination of information processing and information
transfer in a reasonable, efficient way, which is the focus of this
KIT focus.
And you could say that there we are actually providing the
infrastructure for so-called cyber-physical systems.
You might have heard about that, modern buzzword, cyber-physical
systems.
We have not put that in the title of that KIT focus.
But what we are doing there with about 44, at the moment it's 44
professors and their groups, working on projects related to
infrastructures for cyber-physical systems or for network adaptive
systems, as we call them.
So it's a range of different topics, just that you see what my
background is, what I'm interested in.
And I hope that I get you interested in, or more, in these topics, but
in particular on the foundations of that, which are based on internet
technologies.
Now I have to start with some organizational information for you.
So, you see here a QR diagram.
What's that about?
If you are interested, this is the link to the lecture area in our
portal that we have in the Studium KIT edu.
And so all the information that is relevant for this course is
available there.
And since it is hard to actually type in all this, certainly you can
click on the link, but you can also find it in the lecture, in the
study portal.
But you can also just use that link that is in that QR diagram.
Now, what kind of things am I providing to you?
I am providing to you live lectures, as here now.
But as I said, there are some people who are not present in this room
who will actually take part in the course, who are actually at
Hanover, taking part in this course.
But this course also is part of the study program there.
And then sometimes I'm not here.
This happens sometimes because I am involved in so many projects that
sometimes I have to be away.
And the good thing is that this lecture is recorded.
So everything is recorded.
That means what is recorded, everything that's happening on this
slide.
So whatever I draw on this here, so if I draw something like this,
this is recorded.
Usually I do something that I underline certain things.
For example, that everything that is recorded is available at the
Digital Video and Audio Archive.
So I underline certain things just to show people who are actually
looking at the slides later on and at the recorded lecture, notice
what we are actually looking at.
So the recorded lectures, I just draw something on the screen such
that if you look at it later on, you get information on what is
actually happening there.
If I wouldn't do that, it would be boring to look at the slides or at
the recorded lecture.
So I always have to do something on the screen such that it is
interesting to look at the recorded lecture.
This is one important point.
Then I'm recording everything, the slides, the annotations, so
everything is done just by frame grabbing.
And then the sound is recorded using Camtasia.
Today I have to use my internal microphone of the laptop because, you
know, the technology is always progressing.
And I used to have a tablet PC where I had two sockets here for
actually putting in a microphone and a headset.
And then the new version was only one.
And this one socket here does not recognize the signal that is coming
from the system.
So we have something to get around that.
And that usually worked.
We tested everything last week.
Everything worked fine.
And when I used that the first time yesterday in my course on
foundations of informatics, it didn't work.
And then my assistant said, oh, it does work.
They tested it in the afternoon.
This morning I tested it here.
I had a nice microphone to get independent of the always failing
technology that we have in these lecture rooms.
And my system failed too.
So I have to rely on the internal microphone, which is OK usually.
But as soon as I go further away from the laptop, certainly then the
recording is not as good.
And so I will always stay close to the laptop so that it is recorded
reasonably.
Usually I will or certainly I will try to provide you with high
quality sound.
But it's not always possible.
OK.
Now you would like to look at the recorded lectures later on.
And so when you're preparing for exams or when you're working on
assignments and things like that, or those who are looking at that at
these courses or at this course at distant places.
And for that it is reasonable to use the Camtasia player.
Now, why is that recommended?
Because the Camtasia player certainly fits well to a Camtasia
recorder, which I'm using.
But it also has one feature which is essential for use in recorded
lectures.
It has visible scrolling.
That means if you are scrolling backwards, forwards in that recorded
lecture, then you see where you're actually moving to.
And there are many other media players which don't have that property.
And so there you would just jump somewhere without actually knowing
where you jumped.
And so this visible scrolling is essential.
Some people use other recorders which also have that property and have
some nice additional feature that they can speed up the recorded
lecture when they view it.
And then, since I'm not talking that fast, at least when you listen to
a recorded lecture, you always think that it is very slow.
And so some people just put it at 1.5 the speed of a lecture.
That means in 60 minutes they have what I present here in 90 minutes.
And this might have some effects on the voice, but that's not really
essential.
So there are other players available.
You are free to use whatever you like.
But that's one which I would recommend, and it's freely available.
If you use a different player, then you should use the codec that is
freely available from the TechSmith website.
The links are given there.
And then we have other things.
Yes, certainly you should bookmark the resource directories in the
Vorlesungsarbeitsbereich, the lecture area in our study portal,
because there, if you bookmark the directories there, then you get
information on all the changes that we have there.
I guess that you know all these things, and so you don't have to spend
too much time on that.
Then I already mentioned that this course has been part of a so-called
virtual university quite some time ago.
Ten years ago, we had large projects on new media and teaching, and
this course was part of that.
And so it was part of the curricula of about ten universities.
So we still have here local students at Karlsruhe.
We have distant students from other universities.
We still have some that are at Hanover, which are looking at this
course.
And then students from the Eucor region.
Eucor is the European corporation in the Upper Rhine region.
And all the students in those universities in the Upper Rhine region,
from Karlsruhe down to Basel and both sides of the Rhine, can also
attend this lecture, although only very few do that.
And that means if other students would like to take this course for
credit, we have to know that.
You have to inform us, and you should inform my assistant, Fabian, who
is actually the person who is taking care of all the tutorials and
things like that.
Okay.
Then we have so-called cooperation tools.
And maybe some of you have already looked at those cooperation tools
some time before.
So what are these cooperation tools about?
Now, this is quite a small group, not that large, but still it might
be of interest to use those cooperation tools.
They are easily used.
And here, the idea is that you can give me electronic feedback.
I can give you electronic feedback.
You can ask questions, certainly just by shouting in this room, but
you can also send questions electronically.
I will show you that in a moment.
We have multiple choice test questions that I can ask you during the
lecture, and you can answer to that, which you could also do by just
putting up your hands.
But in larger lectures, this is quite interesting to do.
This has been developed in the Notebook University Karlsruhe project a
long time ago, almost 10 years ago.
And then people really did not use that.
I always offered that at the beginning of my lectures, and there were
only very few students who would use that.
And two years ago, all of a sudden, there was widespread use of those
tools, just because everybody had a smartphone and a flat rate, and so
it was no problem at all anymore to use those devices.
So, I will offer it to you today, and then we see how often you will
actually use that.
But I would like to spend just a little bit of time for that.
It's also an internet-based technology.
So, we have a web application for using that, and also an app for your
smartphone.
So, these are the cooperation tools.
So, this is, just to show you, this is the web application, is the
upper QR diagram.
The web application looks like this, that you have a certain lecture,
a certain course that you can choose.
Then you have to put in your name, you ask a question.
You actually also have to select the course, you have to put in a
password.
The password for this course is AIA, and then you are connected to
that course, and you can actually use that.
And I will show you those QR links again.
So, if you are interested to use that, you can use that QR diagram, or
this one for the app, the Android app.
And anybody would like to use that, has not seen that?
Nobody?
Then I can continue.
And then, if you use that app, maybe you have it already, you can log
into the course.
Now, to do that, I have to briefly start my tools.
I forgot to do that initially.
And so, I have to briefly go into this.
Oh, there was already the right one, lecture query tool.
That's it.
I go into this.
This is also something which we will talk about later on also.
Security questions.
Interesting dialogues.
But we always say, definitely you should do that.
Definitely you should do that.
But whether that is really adequate to do it, we never really check.
If there are signatures or certificates behind which are not really
recognized, we just click on yes, yes.
That's not really secure.
To have good dialogues for making things secure is a difficult
problem.
And another thing here is, I'm not connected to the internet
currently, so I have to get connected to the internet.
Now I can refresh the list.
There is the list.
I go to AIA.
So that's one of the tools.
Some feedback tool that, when I click on that, I can go into
presentation mode.
Then it's at that corner.
And then I have another tool here, which I also have to start.
And now, since I started that, now you can actually access the course.
And again, I have to put in my password.
And now we have here all kinds of things.
So, for example, I could put in here some test question.
I can publish the question.
And now you should see... does anybody use that tool already in the
moment?
You use it?
So now you could get the question by... you have a button there, which
actually, let's say, also publish results.
And then we can see those things.
So you could answer the question.
How can you do that?
You have logged into the course.
You can get a question.
And then you can send the answer.
And you can also, if you have that app, you can say whether the course
is fast enough or too slow.
Or if it should be done slower, if it's alright.
You can vote on that.
You can ask questions, whatever you like.
And I then see the question highlighted as a yellow symbol there, a
yellow exclamation mark.
And so in this way you can give feedback and I can ask you things.
So this is what we do here.
Let me just briefly go...
Ah, somebody said it's alright.
And here somebody actually said that this is the right answer.
Definitely, so three people did that.
So you see how this works.
You're welcome to use that.
You don't have to use that.
But I think it's sometimes quite helpful.
In the other course, maybe we will do that here also.
Sometimes we can offer so-called surveys.
And this will be shown on the next slide here.
So this is just the normal question asking or question answering or
posing questions and getting answers.
And all the surveys are not here.
So the survey is something which we make available, for example, in
the afternoon or for one or two days.
And then you can just go on that link, select that course and answer
questions on that survey.
Just select questions as they could be asked in final exams.
And so in this way you have additional possibilities to actually get
feedback for this course.
And feedback on your ability to work with the contents of the course
independent of the tutorials.
Okay, so this is something which has been designed in the recent
years.
As I said, 10 years ago we designed that.
Two years ago all of a sudden people used that.
And so we said now we have to design apps for that.
We have one for Android.
We don't have it so far for the iPhone.
But it will be designed.
Okay, so that's this app.
If you are interested to use that, you can do that.
And some of you already do it.
At least four have said that speed is okay.
Now, we are sitting here or currently at the scheduled times here in
this room.
In the multimedia lecture hall, which changed significantly compared
to recent years.
There's less room, but it seems to be sufficient.
And there are some assistants who are supporting me in the tutorials.
So I mentioned already Fabian Rigolle, who is one of those persons.
And then Calvin Bau, he's the other one.
Calvin Bau is working in the Castel project.
Fabian Rigolle is working on this daily life cycle lab energy.
And they are both together supporting this course with the tutorials.
And then there are the tutors.
So we have three tutors who are offering tutorials at those times that
you see here.
You can subscribe or register for the tutorials online.
The link is given on the lecture area in the study portal.
And it will be available from Tuesday 23rd.
That's not really correct.
I think it should be accessible today.
So this would be 22nd, certainly.
Or Wednesday 23rd.
But it's open for one week.
It's not first come first serve, but you can just enter that as much
as you like.
And you have to do that by next Sunday.
Then you can attend the course.
Okay.
What are we doing in this course, or in the tutorials?
The tutorials are there for you to get a chance to work on the topics
that I am presenting.
And so we will have about six assignments.
You get the possibilities to actually work on the assignments in the
tutorials.
You can also work on some at home.
You get feedback.
And you can submit your solutions.
Then you will get feedback on that.
You can also get feedback in the tutorials, the normal thing that you
know about.
We also have some bonus examination where you can actually work on
three exercises.
And if you work on those successfully, at least on two of them, if you
answer two of them completely correctly, then you get the bonus.
And the bonus is just one step in the grading scheme.
So you get an improvement of 0.3 or 0.4.
But only on a past exam, the maximum value, or the best mark that you
can get is a 1.0.
That's all you have to know about that.
So here we just want to give you a chance to get additional bonus
points.
And those who have worked continuously on the assignments will have a
good chance to get that bonus point.
Those who have worked on the assignments continuously will also have a
bonus because they definitely are well prepared for the exams.
And they will have the lasting knowledge of what I present to you.
Okay, more information on that is available on the website.
If you have questions, you can definitely ask me, ask my assistants.
Okay, so this course is certainly part of all our study programs in
different ways.
Sometimes we assign 4.5 credits, sometimes 5 credits, depends on which
kind of modules you actually have.
I think at the moment it's 5 credits, but I really don't care.
And you get the number of credits that you need.
There are some nice stories about that.
So sometimes people said, or the administration said, you are not
allowed to actually use something like 4.5 for credits.
You only have to use real integer values.
The reason is that in the system that's recording those things, they
didn't have a possibility to put something in like 4.5.
They only had integer values there.
So this is some kind of stupid way of designing these systems.
And now somebody has a question.
So tutorials don't start next week.
That's right, they will start the week after that.
They will start on the first week of November.
Starting time is given in the study portal.
Okay, so I've answered that.
So this is offered to our students of many different programs.
Industrial Engineering and Management has been called for some time
Business Engineering.
Now we call it Industrial Engineering and Management, as is the
standard name all over Europe.
Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen, Economics Engineering, which is Technische
VWL.
Information Engineering and Management, which is
Informationswirtschaft.
Entech, which is a program, a new program on energy technologies.
And since internet technologies are important for energy technologies
also, it's also offered for those.
And then you have all kinds of modules, but this could be part of what
you have to show us with many different modules, but this could be
part of.
I did not check whether this is still always correct in this way, but
I'm quite sure that it is.
At Hanover or at some other OIKO university, you have to check locally
where you can actually use this course.
Certainly it's always a value to attend a course like this, but you're
welcome to attend it, but you certainly should be able to actually use
it for some module in your programs.
Now, I just would like to know how many students are here from
Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen?
Most of you.
Almost all of you.
Who is here from Technische VWL?
Nobody.
Who is here from Informationswirtschaft?
Some.
Who is here from Entech?
Nobody.
Okay.
So, now we know something about backgrounds.
What type of exam will we have?
There will be a written exam on Tuesday or Wednesday.
There are three dates here.
So, Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday of the first week after the end of
term, so after the end of the lectures.
The first three days, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, are the potential
dates for the exam.
The exact date is fixed as soon as we know who actually has registered
for the exam, and then we will determine the time for that.
Usually it's on Tuesday or Wednesday.
The exam questions will be in English, but you may answer in German as
well as...
So, English or German are the languages that I would accept.
I would not accept French or Russian or Chinese, but English and
German should be okay.
You could ask yourself why I actually present this course in English.
So, one reason is to have internationalization, different directions,
get external students to Karlsruhe, and prepare you for working in an
international global world.
So, improving English language skills for you listening to a course
like this and the tutorials, you will do things partly in English,
partly in German.
And I certainly am keeping up my English language skills, which is
also a good effect.
So, it's for preparing for foreign studies.
Who of you has spent some time in a foreign country studying?
Quite a few of you.
Okay.
Those who have not done that so far should do it.
It's something which is very important for your career to spend some
time in a foreign university, which is more difficult now in the new
bachelor master programs.
It was much easier in the diploma programs, but this is something
which is a controversial issue.
Because if you are intending to go to a foreign university in your,
for example, your fourth year of study, that would be the first year
of your master program, and then you would actually stay there and
take the master there.
And you don't come back, which is certainly bad for Karlsruhe.
Before that, you would always come back and finish your studies here
in your fifth year.
And this is now changing.
Some of you, as I saw just here, have spent some time already in a
foreign country in your bachelor programs, probably.
But foreign exchanges are getting more difficult now because we have
bachelor and master.
So this is some kind of a contradiction, but to some extent it is
easier because you can go somewhere with a bachelor in your pocket and
go to a different university and continue there with a master program.
You have more flexibility.
There are advantages, but there are also some disadvantages.
And these have to do with the flexibility of an exchange where you
just spend some time somewhere else and then come back.
Okay, so English courses are offered here in almost all subjects of
this faculty.
We have some programs that are taught completely in English, but most
of our programs are German language programs.
But in almost every subject here, we have some English courses.
That means that a foreign student who is not actually fluent in German
can easily attend such a course.
Who is here who is a foreign student?
One foreign student.
Welcome to this course.
And I hope that you are fluent in English and did not expect to have a
course in German.
Okay, fine.
Are you fluent in German also?
A little bit.
Okay, good.
So this will be in English.
Now, let's come to the content, unless you have certain questions with
respect to the administrative things, organizational things of this
course.
You can also ask those questions later on if you like.
So what are we looking at in this course?
Different topics on Internet, Internet applications, Internet history
and technology.
Mainly here, the central protocols that we have, how we actually can
communicate between different computers.
Then how we can actually access information on the Internet, how we
can actually find out what is available.
Search engines are something which are very efficient services, but
how they actually work is an interesting topic.
And we look at those technologies a little bit.
And then we look at cryptographic algorithms.
Security is an essential topic and you have to know about
cryptography.
Some of you have heard about cryptography already, might have heard
there are other courses in particular for information engineering
management.
There are some courses that you have to take where you learn something
about cryptographic algorithms.
So I will spend some time on those things.
Like students of industrial engineering and management don't have
these courses, so for them it's a new thing.
But an important topic because security is an essential point for all
kinds of applications of the Internet.
Electronic payment systems, I will reduce that chapter slightly
because there are many interesting techniques that have been designed
for electronic payment systems.
But it's a pity that some of them actually don't get into widespread
use because it's a bit too complex.
People don't like to use complex software and so it's not used that
widely.
But I will present to you a few things because it's just the
technology, the algorithms that are designed there are very
interesting and can be applied also in other areas.
And so it's interesting to look at that.
Then at the end I will give you some overview of the Internet of
Energy applications, requirements, challenges in the energy topics
that we can address actually by using the technologies of the
Internet.
There could be many more different topics that one could look at.
For example, digital libraries, open access things, representation not
just of textual data but audio visual data.
We have certain, like some colleagues here work on automatic
translation of lectures for example.
There are all kinds of interesting things, storage of newscasts and so
you would like to be able to look for information not in written
information but in audio information.
So spoken text, spoken words and it's definitely a different topic to
look for information in those recorded words than looking for
information in a text.
And also visual data, you look for all red cars on some pictures.
Now how do you do that?
Usually if you look for, at Google for example, you look for images,
for photos.
You look for textual descriptions of those photos.
You don't look for contents of pictures.
If you're able to look for content of pictures, you have to be able to
interpret the information that you have in those pictures.
And that's a totally different topic from looking at information in
textual information documents.
Okay, then Internet computing.
This is also an interesting point, like Internet computing means
computing using distributed computers.
There have been many different names for that.
For example, hypercomputing was one of the first ones using different
types of computers spread over different locations.
Metacomputing, another topic around that.
And they were not really very widespread and not really prominent.
And all of a sudden somebody wrote a book on grid computing and
everybody jumped on grid computing.
It's nothing different from hypercomputing or metacomputing, but grid
computing looked much more interesting and so people jumped on that.
And then sometime later they talked about, well, you have to combine
grid computing, availability of distributed resources for information
processing.
You have to combine that with services and that led to cloud
computing, which is now or it's still some prominent area, but it's
getting a little bit less important because people know how to operate
on that.
Current major topic is something like big data.
Now everybody talks about big data and you saw that I'm involved in a
project on large scale data management and analysis, so we are also
involved in those topics.
Then we have something like spam protection, so spam filters,
authentication, spam barriers.
Spam means always misuse of information.
And this is an important topic that as soon as you are able to use the
technologies of the internet in a beneficial way for certain
applications, there will always be somebody who will misuse that and
tries to, well, disturb what's going on there.
Tries to make things impossible, you have all kinds of attacks and
things like that.
We know that email is full of spam, mail, misuse of information and
you have to get rid of all that spam and also for websites.
Spamming in websites means that you put in information in your website
which always makes you the top answer in the results on some searches
in the web.
So if you have the list of responses to a search query, if you always
get the top rank there or high rank, then you are visible.
If you always end up very low, with a very low rank, nobody will see
you.
And so some people have developed techniques how to get actually to
the top.
And if that is done in an unjustified way, it's called spam.
So we have to also look at technologies, how we can get a good rank,
the best possible rank, but it has to be justified.
These are also topics that we have to address in the course on this.
Okay, there are all kinds of references on web applications on the
internet.
I have a few things here, a few links.
So this is the RFCs, Requests for Comments.
You might have been on that website already.
So all the protocols and technologies of the internet are documented
as a request for comments and they are all available at this website.
So you can go there and then have... so, briefly, just to show you
what kind of things are there.
You can briefly go there and then you have the requests for comments.
You can go at all the different topics, internet drafts, all kinds of
different things, documents from working groups, all kinds of
resources here.
There are a bunch of information on the internet.
So this is very important that we have these resources by the Internet
Engineering Task Force.
And so this is that resource.
And then, as one of the applications of the internet, we have the
World Wide Web.
Now while the internet is of American origin, has been designed in
North America and then gradually came over to Europe, the World Wide
Web has been designed in Europe and gradually spread out to North
America.
And so the IETF is a North American organization, a U.S.
organization with some international content.
And the World Wide Web Consortium is actually mainly influenced by
people from Europe.
And so here we have the World Wide Web Consortium, which is
documenting all the technologies that we have in the World Wide Web.
So if you are interested in any technologies on the World Wide Web, go
to that www.w3.org location and then you have all the information from
the World Wide Web Consortium, all kinds of tutorials on how to use
all the different languages that are available there and so on.
And there's also all kinds of information on internet history.
I will give you a little bit of information on internet history in a
moment.
It's just, I think one should know how that actually developed and
what kinds of things were important there.
But here you have all kinds of information on what's going on in the
internet, what has been going on, what was the original motivation for
building it and so on.
And then there are all kinds of other resources.
Some of them are given in our lecture area in the study portal.
There are all kinds of journal articles.
There are books.
I actually did not update it this time.
There are many books on internet technologies and we will use some of
them, but certainly not all of them.
By the way, here, if you look, for example, at this book here on
cryptology, Abenteuer-Kryptologie, Methoden, Risiken, Nutzende,
Datenverschlüsselung.
It's a nice book because of the following feature.
It's always emphasizing how to make a system secure, like how to use
or design a cryptographic algorithm, but it's also always emphasizing
how we can attack that algorithm.
It's always looking at the attacks.
This is an important feature that if you talk about security, you
should not only look at how you can make a system secure, but also
look at all kinds of ways how you can attack it, and only then you
have knowledge about how secure actually it is.
Okay, lots of books that you can look at.
There are more available as links on our website.
That's the organizational things that I wanted to show you, and then
we can go on to the first real chapter, showing you just a little bit
about Internet applications.
Just to set the scene, we've given the motivation for why we actually
are interested in this topic.
So just some remarks and motivation for what we are doing here.
And let me just start by giving you an information of what the
Internet actually is.
So Internet is not just an arbitrary network, but the Internet
actually is a defined entity.
And it has been defined by the so-called Federal Networking Council.
You can guess that it's not the Federal Republic of Germany, but the
Federal of the United States.
The Networking Council, in 1995, quite some time ago, they defined
what the Internet actually is.
There have been many different networks around, network technologies.
And the term Internet always refers to systems having three important
features.
The first one is that we have a globally unique address space.
We have one address space, one type of addresses that you can use for
addressing any host, any device that you would like to address.
There's one address space based on the so-called Internet Protocol, or
its subsequent extensions, follow-ons.
So there are IP version 4, IP version 6 addresses, but it is one
address scheme.
Then it's the Internet.
Then you have addresses.
So you have all kinds of devices, and they have addresses.
Address 1, address 2, address 3.
And now you would like to communicate.
For that, you need standard protocols.
So if it's the Internet, it's based on the Transmission Control
Protocol, or the Internet Protocol.
So you can communicate.
You can send information over different routes in such a network.
And this is managed by the Transmission Control Protocol and the
Internet Protocol.
There are different tasks.
We will talk about those in a moment.
Well, not today, but the next lectures.
So one type of protocol, standard protocol.
And then we have all kinds of services.
High-level services that are standard, that everybody can use.
As, for example, email, file transfer, things like that.
So standard services.
This is very important to have standardization, because if everybody
knows that this is what is called the Internet, you can design
applications for the Internet.
By using this address space, the protocols, and the services, and you
know they will be available, you can do many things with that.
So that is the Internet.
These three different essential characteristics.
We also talk about Internet of Things, or Internet of Energy, and all
kinds of other Internet of Things.
Internet of Services.
And as soon as you talk about Internet of Something, you talk about
having a global address space, that you can address everything in a
unique way, which is in something, like energy, or data, or services.
You have standard protocol, and you have standard services.
Those are the essential points in the Internet.
Okay, so it is just connecting everybody in different locations.
We have some kind of global information system, globally unique
address space.
We have this communication protocol, we have high-level services, and
just can communicate in this way, freely, using the Internet, using
that technology.
If we characterize in an informal way, what we could say is that it is
a globally connected computer.
So, simple file transfer, FTP.
We can move data back and forth.
The question only is, how long does it take?
So, simple file transfer, you have a recorded large movie, or
something like that, and you would like to, or have a large file, you
would like to transfer that over a certain communication line, then
you have to look at how long that actually takes.
If you have a few petabytes, and you would like to transfer those
using a normal communication line, it takes some time.
It might be better, or if you have certain gigabytes, sometimes it is
better to move something by courier, or use your bike or car to move
something back and forth, and not use communication.
You always have to look at the latency.
So, latency is an important point, how long does it take, but you can
use the communication, certainly.
And it's done in a simple way.
We have large algorithm servers, services for performing all kinds of
algorithms on some resources that are in the network.
We can distribute computations to heterogeneous computers in the
network.
That's what we do in grid computing, or in cloud computing.
What's this?
So, there we just use resources that are available somewhere.
We don't need to have those resources locally, so we can use just
arbitrarily distributed resources for carrying out computations.
But certainly, you always have to be aware that when you are sending
information back and forth between two different computers, this takes
some time.
If you look at your computer and measure the time for a ping, for
example, just sending a hello signal to a different computer and
looking for the response, that's in the millisecond range.
You know that in the millisecond, you can carry out millions of
instructions on your computer.
So, you would not send simple computations to a distant computer.
You would never use cloud computing for real-time applications, where
it's important to have something in a defined time frame, because you
have the latency for communication.
You can do many things locally, so you have to think really what kind
of computations you would move to other places, and whether you can
actually spend the communication time for that.
So, communication overhead is something which is a very important
point.
You know that we always try to hide communication behind computations.
If you can do that, you are lucky, but it's not possible in every
distributed application.
But if you use something on distributed computers, you should always
try to reduce the overhead for communication.
So, definitely globally connected computers have advantages, because
you don't need the resources locally, but you have to make intelligent
use of that.
Then, there is this worldwide digital library that is available.
We have all kinds of information, all kinds of books, open access
articles, hopefully open access.
It's an important topic.
So, you know that due to the history of the Internet, everything is
free on the Internet.
And as soon as people noticed, oh, there is a commercial effect in the
Internet, they tried to charge for accessing the information.
They had ideas on making that more expensive, but most of those ideas
failed, because it's just not the philosophy of the Internet.
And so, some people, like if you look at journal articles, many
journal articles are expensive to access.
The publishing companies, the publishers actually would like to earn
money, they have to make profit, and so they charge you quite a bit of
money for accessing scientific articles.
Now, this is bad for the spreading of nice information on new results
of science.
And so there is this open access initiative, where we say, okay, you
pay once for publishing your scientific paper, and then it's available
for free.
And if everybody does that, you pay for publishing, and then everybody
can access that.
If you don't have open access, sometimes you have to pay for
publishing, and everybody else actually also has to pay for accessing.
This is bad for free dissemination of information.
And so, open access is important, but you always have to look also at
the economic aspect.
Many of you are industrial engineers, or will become industrial
engineers, you always have to look at the economic aspects.
How can we actually make money using Internet technologies?
And this is an interesting area, where we get new ideas on how to
generate actually profit, and pay for what we are providing there.
Okay, worldwide information exchange, all kinds of information are
available, you know all these things, that we have all kinds of
information on everything, that we can envision meanwhile.
Nobody can actually, like no company, can dare to be not available on
the Internet meanwhile.
And we have all kinds of services, like if we are traveling, we are
booking everything on the Internet, we have news services, you have
audio on demand, video on demand, you have all kinds of services on
demand, and so every part of our life meanwhile, is connected to the
Internet, or is connected to all kinds of things in the world.
Let's see that I should be a little bit faster, speed up a bit.
So, there's also the worldwide communication system, electronic mail,
everybody uses electronic mail, I also use it, but there's so much
emails, and it's a communication system meanwhile, that is almost
unusable.
Because when I look at my inbox, my email inbox, I notice certain
emails, and I say, oh, I have to answer to that.
The next time I look at it, the next time I have the chance to look at
my email, those messages are far down in my inbox.
I don't actually see them again, because I get so many mails, that
some of them just get lost.
And that's why sometimes students send me emails, and say, oh, he
doesn't answer.
Sometimes you get a prompt answer, sometimes you don't get an answer.
If you don't get an answer, just send it again to me, because then I
might have a chance to look at it again.
If it's back down in the history of my emails, I just don't see it
again.
And this is something, this is an unreliable medium for communication,
which is also due to all this unnecessary exchange of information.
Like, if you reply to a message, usually we reply to all, even if only
one person should get the response.
Everybody gets mails, mails, and mails.
Then we have all kinds of news groups, social networks, and so on.
You know all these things.
And the important point is that, due to these technologies, meanwhile,
the distance between communication partners is no longer determined by
physical distance, but by communication distance.
If you would like to cooperate with somebody, it's important how
quickly you can communicate.
And maybe that you can communicate with somebody who is very far away,
much quicker than with somebody who is just in the room beside you, or
on the next floor, or something.
So this is something which is really important.
Communication bandwidth and latency is important.
And also, meanwhile, the network becomes the provider of services.
You just access your mail.
You don't care which server, actually, that is.
You should access some server that is providing your mail, or whatever
service you look at.
And this is the major idea behind cloud computing.
So many things have actually changed.
There is electronic commerce.
We are doing many things in commercial transactions, actually using
the internet, you know, all these things.
Everything is based on internet technology.
I don't want to go into all these different things here.
Just show it briefly to you.
There are virtual distributed companies.
Interesting type of doing business.
You cooperate on larger projects, but you only do that for some time.
You form a virtual company and then offer a certain, or to work on a
certain project, but you do that together.
So you need internet technology for cooperating.
And you can actually distribute a company over different continents.
If you do that, you can work all the time.
You have different shifts.
Eight hour shifts, three eight hour shifts can work in turn.
So if that's spread around the world, then you have a company which is
always working.
Perfect.
The physical distance is not important.
Communication is important.
If you can communicate, certainly then some people work while others
are sleeping, so you cannot really communicate, but you can send
information back and forth as much as you like.
So this is certainly done.
Then there are virtual universities.
I mentioned that already.
Virtuelle Universität am Oberrhein.
That was the cooperation of certain informatics chairs in Germany.
The VWR was the Wissenswerkstatt Wechensysteme.
Nukart, I mentioned that already.
The Notebook University Karlsruhe.
Many ideas on how we can actually have virtual universities.
There are now quite a few universities who offer everything they have
in their lectures worldwide.
Some also have these I don't have the abbreviation in my mind at the
moment, but there's massively online courses.
Massively online courses are courses which are offered to many, many
people.
So some people at MIT or some other places, they offer courses where
they have thousands of students and they just get online tools for
interaction for working on the content and in that way they can
actually teach a course and have many, many students who follow that.
I don't know whether that's actually an effective way of teaching that
you actually provide sustainable information.
I always prefer to talk to people face to face.
But these technologies definitely change the way we should teach.
And this is something which actually keeps me thinking how we should
actually do that.
So, is e-learning something which is good for you?
E-learning means to get modules for learning.
You can select certain modules to get the information that you need,
the knowledge you need, you can work on that on your own.
Is a nice thing, but don't you need personal feedback?
I think it's important to offer certain things, like that's why I
provide all my lectures in the Digital Video and Audio Archive, so all
my lectures are available, but I think there's a benefit from talking
to you in person, certainly here I am speaking all the time, you are
just listening, but is that correct?
Like, when we talk about lecturing, or in German, Vorlesung, it refers
to an old necessity that the written knowledge was only available to
very few people, to the professors, in libraries, that were not
accessible to everybody.
And so the professors, the lecturers, had to read the books to the
students.
That's why we had Vorlesung.
We don't need Vorlesung anymore, because all the written information
is available to everybody.
But are you actually able to get the knowledge that is in the book,
and get sustainable knowledge and capabilities, just by accessing
those books that are available, either freely or at some amount of
money that you have to pay?
So this is really an interesting topic, how we should actually change
the way we are teaching.
The problem is, if we would switch to personalised, or more
personalised teaching, we cannot do that in large lecture halls.
There are things like problem-based learning, where I would not teach
you something, but where I would give you a problem, and then you have
to work on that.
And get all the knowledge and the capabilities for solving the problem
on your own.
And in that way, you would learn to actually solve problems.
That's the capability you need afterwards in your professional career.
So that would be very good to do that.
And you would get the knowledge on your own.
Something which you definitely have to do later on in your
professional career, that you have to know how to get the knowledge
that you need to solve a new problem.
But if we would like to do that, we would need many lecturers, many
tutors, professors, who would work with small groups.
Is that really effective?
I'm not sure whether that is really effective, but these are
interesting topics, and certainly the way we teach has changed to some
extent.
We are presenting more material in shorter time, providing you with
more information, but we don't really
consider that when we are setting up our study programs.
If I would say, oh, I give you all this electronic material, and I
only teach the course for one hour a week, not for two hours a week,
or three hours a week, then you only get credit for one hour a week.
That's not fair, because you would need to spend more time looking at
all those materials.
So, how can we actually set up a study program using all these modern
technologies?
This is something one should think about.
There is also a question with respect to where we should actually
provide our lecturing material.
I was asked whether I would like to make my recorded lectures
available on iTunes U.
iTunes U stands for universities.
Oh, everybody jumps on iTunes U.
If it would be Microsoft U, nobody would go there.
But it's iTunes.
Oh, perfect, that's Apple.
Fancy.
But the Apple people said that they have the authority on everything
that is on the iPhones.
So they are controlling everything.
If Bill Gates would have said that, everybody would have said, oh, you
cannot say that.
They would have condemned him for that.
But Steve Jobs said that, and so it's okay.
So people have different feelings about that.
And I said, I will not provide my lectures on iTunes U, because that's
only for the benefit of one company.
I don't do that.
I provide it in our digital video and audio archive that's available
for everybody.
And then it's independent of whether you have iPhone technology or
iPod or Apple technology or not.
But this is an important point.
We also use Google.
And some people say, oh, why don't you just switch over to Gmail?
You don't need all these email servers at the university.
Just go to Gmail.
Google makes statements that they can actually make that secure.
Nobody gets access to that.
They can protect the Gmail service much better than you can protect
your local email system.
And so that's really secure.
And we know now how secure that is.
Because if it's all with one company, then this company just has to
make a contract with some other companies or some other institutions
and all the information is available to that other institution.
Which is not in our interest.
So as soon as we make use of all these nice servers, we also get
dependent on those large servers.
We have to think about whether it is done in an adequate way or
whether we get dependent on those people.
For example, for Google, I once read there or looked for some person
who was one of the founders of the internet.
And I would like to tell you that story because I think it's an
important thing.
I found that person now associated to Google and he was presented
there as the evangelist of Google.
And they said that they are presenting the truth.
Now if you combine, I am presenting the truth and I am the evangelist
of a company, then I don't like that.
Because then the truth can be manipulated and we know how much that is
done.
We know how much that is done in some countries that if you look at
search for certain information in some countries, you get different
information than if you would look for that information outside of
that country.
There have been some contracts between Google or Yahoo with those
countries making sure that inside the country only specific
information or only certain information is available, different from
what is available outside of that country.
And so the original idea that the internet or the World Wide Web is
providing us free information can be endangered if we depend too much
on a few companies.
We have to be very careful how we deal with that.
I think it's an important point.
Sometimes I make statements like that because I think we should not
only look at technology, but we should also be aware of how we use
that and what the consequences of using that actually are.
Okay, so that's sufficient for that.
You're welcome to discuss that later on.
Then smart energy systems, another thing which I wanted to add there,
I mentioned that already that meanwhile the energy system also is to
quite some extent using or dependent on information and communication
technologies, so all kinds of components meanwhile get accessible, can
be controlled, can be looked at with respect to what they're actually
doing.
We can provide standard energy services.
It's a huge area for new companies to provide energy control services.
It will be a major area of making profit in the future to set up small
companies where you provide energy control services, because people
will get independent of the large utility companies because it's much
more beneficial to generate your energy yourself locally and use it
locally and maybe provide it to the outside.
We will not be dependent in the future on energy distribution from
large central locations, but we will do that locally, but for that you
need services.
So if you are smart enough to design good services for that, you can
make business out of that.
It's an interesting area and so that's what we do in energy
informatics.
Smart cities, smart things, also important areas that are based on
internet technology, also mentioned these things, many different areas
that you could look at just to get you more and more interested in how
the internet has changed our lives.
And if we look at how it has changed our lives, the way we communicate
has changed significantly.
I mentioned these things already.
The question is, what does it actually mean?
So how can we ensure reliable communication?
When you get a message, how do you know that it's actually from the
sender that it pretends to be?
There are technologies to do that, to ensure that you can check
whether it is really the sender that is on that.
Or that it's the message that actually was compiled by the sender.
How can we avoid undesired messages?
Spam protection, important topic.
What can we do about undesired communication of criminals?
So in the 80s and beginning of the 90s, in the 90s, even to the end of
the 90s, politicians were very concerned about cryptography.
They said, oh, cryptography is only used by people who don't want to
communicate openly and only criminals can have such an idea to
communicate not openly in plain text, but in cryptographic or in
encrypted messages.
And so they wanted to make it illegal to use cryptography.
In France, actually, it was illegal until the end of the 90s.
Only the military was allowed to use cryptography.
In Germany, we had people who actually worked on that and made sure
that politicians were convinced that it's important to use strong
cryptography just to make this technology usable in a reasonable way.
Okay.
Criminals can always communicate without other people noticing how
they are communicating, regardless of whether you allow cryptography
or not.
This, I mentioned already, then how can we make sure that the message
is not modified?
How can we make sure that no one else can read the messages that we
send, like for example, the NSA or so?
How can we transfer and store large amounts of data?
Oh, by the way, that nobody else can read the messages, also our
competitors in companies certainly or in the industry certainly should
not read our messages on secret information, proprietary information
of a company.
How can we transfer and store large amounts of data?
This is one of the major topics in the moment.
How we can do that effectively?
How can we search for information in a huge database?
How do we find the relevant information?
How do we know that information is actually correct?
So,
this year was at a conference, a large conference, where somebody from
Google presented a new technology for joining information or fusion,
information fusion.
So, for example, you have some city and he gave an example that you
can just combine now information from different sources and just
indicate that information on that map.
So, for example, you could look at, oh, these are all the locations
where somebody owns a dog.
You can get to the registry of all the dog owners, get their addresses
and put that on it.
Or they said they had some, there's a registration of all weapons,
hand weapons and things like that.
And you could easily join that information or fuse that information
and make it available.
You could imagine immediately all kinds of beneficial uses and bad
uses of that technology.
And I asked the person then, well, what about the quality checks?
I said, why do we need quality checks?
If somebody spends some time on presenting information, then that's
high quality.
So, there's no awareness that sometimes we should look for quality of
information and how we can assure that.
So, if everybody can easily present information, is it actually
interesting to look at all this information, something that can be
just rubbish?
But how would we distinguish rubbish from high quality information?
If you see some figures on certain things that happen, is that real or
is that fake?
So, this is an important thing.
Then, what is the price for information?
Those in information engineering and management, that's your topic.
The value of information.
Information as a economic asset.
But what is the price?
If I give you information now at a certain price, if I give it to you
a bit later, the information has less value.
So, how do you actually price or determine the price of information?
How do you protect intellectual property?
One of the major things that, meanwhile, is making cooperation in
research projects more and more difficult, that people deal with
intellectual property and try to make sure that the intellectual
property is protected.
You certainly have to protect that.
It means business, it means profit.
But we also would like to get information.
If I have a nice idea that should be used by others, but I would like
to get benefit from others using my idea.
So there are so many things that are changing due to all these
technologies.
Sometimes these make our life more difficult, but it's also opening up
many, many, many chances.
What are the consequences of the Internet for politics?
There have been ideas, or some people used the Internet in the early
days, and some representative member of parliament here in the
Bundestag actually shared the ideas that they had in their party there
in the parliament, shared the ideas with his constituency.
Make that open.
And he really ran into problems.
Because it's not supposed to happen that the decision processes are
made public.
But wouldn't that be a perfect idea of using Internet technology for
political purposes?
We know that there are some parties who made that as their principle,
and they failed tremendously.
Because that was just chaotic.
Not the pirates.
Nice idea of doing everything on the Internet in an open way, getting
decisions openly.
So how can we actually use the Internet for politics?
Meanwhile it's done quite a bit, but it's an interesting factor, and
it's definitely influencing our political life.
Then the way we shop is influenced.
I want to get through here before the lecture ends.
How can we pay electronically?
How can we remain anonymous?
If you visit a shop, if you look at the goods that are displayed in a
shop, in a shopping mall, nobody notices that you are there, unless
there is a camera.
If you go to an Internet shop, you are registered.
But you would like to stay anonymous.
So how can we make sure that that actually is possible?
How can we find the products we want?
Search engines.
But do we really get all the products?
Maybe only those that have paid for being made available.
How do we get certified information quality functionality?
I mentioned all these things already.
The way we compute has changed tremendously.
I mentioned grid computing.
City at home.
Search for extraterrestrial information at home.
That means you get some recorded signals from outer space, and you
analyze it locally while your screensaver is on.
You are just analyzing those things.
That's the principle of city at home.
Widespread, highly distributed computations using idle phases of your
computer.
Cloud computing, I mentioned that.
Green IT.
Also an important point.
What is green IT?
It means that we would like to make information processing more
efficient, less energy consuming.
So what does that mean?
Shut off computers when they are not needed.
Shift certain computations to other times.
Or follow certain power profiles by scheduling your computations on a
large frame computer.
You can do things like that.
And you should know that quite a percentage of the energy consumption,
the worldwide energy consumption, is used for information processing.
So one should try to reduce that.
It's also true that because of information processing on computers,
you can make many industrial processes more energy efficient.
So you can save more energy by doing information processing than you
use for information processing.
But if you would use more energy for that, it would be bad.
Okay, then definitely, how can we actually distribute computing power?
How can we protect against faulty data?
I mentioned all these things.
Definitely, the internet has changed quite a bit.
And we should look at how that actually was done.
Algorithms make the difference.
We should do it effectively, efficiently.
And that's what we will do in this course, starting next week.
And next week, I am at Singapore.
And so next week, you will get a recorded lecture that I provide to
you on the lecture area.
And you can so...
I should write that here.
Next week,
only a recorded lecture.
Now, would you like to have... like, we could have it in a way that
Fabiano Rigol is actually playing the recorded lecture, and he could
sit here and then answer questions, if you like.
You could also make it in a way that you just don't come and you come
back in two weeks.
And then I will continue from where the recorded lecture ended.
The recorded lecture is a lecture of previous years, but it's the
content that I would have presented next week.
Okay, so you will get this information also as a special message.
I hope it's okay with you that I do that.
You should give me some feedback if that's okay at some time.
Who would object to having now and then recorded lectures?
Nobody.
Okay, fine.
So we do that.
But not too often.
I prefer to be here, see you live.
Okay, thanks for your attention today.