Okay, welcome to Smart Energy Distribution.
Looks a little bit condensed here, but I don't see how I can change
that.
Should be okay.
So, I welcome you to this course, Smart Energy Distribution, in this
summer term.
We will have to talk about a few things, about organizational stuff,
and then come to some other content, actually.
So, today I would like to start with just presenting myself.
So, my name is Hartmut Schmeck.
Let me just check what kind of programs of study you're in.
So, who is a student of Energy Technologies?
One.
Who is a student of Business or Industrial Engineering?
Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen.
Aha.
And who are you?
Which one?
Sense.
From Sense.
Yes.
It's a bit strange that only one student is here from ENTEC,
because...
I know that.
It's different.
Yes.
Right.
It's only KIT.
I know.
I know that.
Yes.
So, you are in Energietechnik.
Yes.
That means there's nobody from ENTEC here.
Very strange.
Because this course is offered particularly for the students of ENTEC.
Yes.
Very strange.
So, I have to check with the student of the program coordinator
whether something has gone wrong there, whether there are no students
this term.
I don't know.
Yes.
There are students.
Yes.
Because last time it was... they were all here.
I know at least three or four.
Yes.
OK.
Yes.
Maybe they have not seen the announcement.
I don't know what happened.
Maybe they have not come back from...
or they think that the first week before Easter is not really
something serious.
That's a problem.
OK.
But at least you have seen the information in the study portal.
So, there the information is available on the course.
And let's see how this develops.
OK.
But you are here and I'm happy to tell you something about smart
energy distribution.
Yes.
Definitely.
So, that's...
So, something about my name, about my office, my email.
I have office hours.
Then there is my assistant.
One of my assistants, Sebastian Kochanek, sitting in the back.
He is assisting me in this course, although the degree of assistance
is a bit reduced here because I'm not offering tutorials for the
course.
I'm just offering a lecture.
Not one lecture, but several lectures, the whole course.
But there will be no tutorials, no assignments.
Just an exam in the end.
So, we will come back to that a little bit later.
So, the course will be presented definitely as live lectures, as you
know.
But the lecture is recorded.
You may have noticed that I have here a varying microphone and I had
to start a few technical things.
That's what I do always, that I'm recording my lectures.
You know that, like those in industrial engineering know that I'm
doing that also in the introductory course on informatics.
So, who of you has never dealt with a recorded lecture?
You all know...
You have never seen that.
So, my courses are all recorded.
They are all available on the DIVA portal.
Anybody who doesn't know DIVA, Digital Audio and Video Archive of the
KIT library.
They are offering there all the lectures that are recorded.
That means after the lecture is recorded it is slightly processed,
because the format is not exactly what they would like to get.
And so, we have to slightly transform that into a format, actually a
format where the resolution is divisible by four, and otherwise they
don't accept it.
But that's a minor thing.
And then we send it to the library, and they then present it in the
format that they would like there.
You can get it there as streaming in a streaming version, where you
just look at it on the webpage, or you can download it as an AVI file,
and you get to that location either by going to DIVA and searching for
my name and the name of the course, or you just go to the webpage, to
the VAB to the Arbeitsbereich, and there is a link list, and in that
link list there are links on the recorded lectures.
As soon as it is available, there is a link there, and as you know, it
is always advisable if you go to this website of our course, it is
advisable to just register for the notification service, so that you
get to know as soon as there is something new, you get informed by
email, and then you know that you can access something new there.
When you access, or when you download this AVI file and play it
afterwards, it is always advisable to use it with a player where you
have visible scrolling, otherwise it's not really nicely usable,
because usually you would like to just scroll through the recorded
lecture and stop at places where it is reasonable.
You cannot see where it is reasonable if you don't have visible
scrolling, and you get that if you use the Camtasia player which is
freely available from TechSmith, the Camtasia provider.
So Camtasia is the recording tool that I am using.
If you have questions with respect to the recorded lectures, just ask,
send a message, ask in the forum wherever you like to ask.
All the information that we present on the course is available in the
Vorlesungsarbeitsbereich.
You all know that, I guess.
Something is strange today.
Something is wrong.
That's right.
That's the right one.
This is wrong again.
I wanted to get to
I wanted to get to this, to that page.
So, now you see the webpage that we have there.
I don't provide you with protected material.
If we do that, if we provide you with some copyrighted material, we
will put it there, and then you get some password to access that.
What you have is here the slides that are available, usually not just
the slides as I initially present them, but also with annotations, so
I am writing into the slides all the time.
To get the annotated slides, then there is something on literature,
nothing in there at the moment.
We actually should add something there.
We did not do that so far.
There is the forum.
The forum is empty at the moment.
There can be messages if you have questions, which are of interest to
others.
There are the links, and within the links you see links to the project
EIZEUS, to the FZI House of Living Labs, to recorded lectures, and for
the recorded lectures, none is there because we didn't have any
recorded lectures this term.
We could include the links, a link to the recorded lecture of last
year's course, but I guess it's sufficient to have the ones for this
year.
OK, that's what we have in that portal.
You know about the time.
Thursdays at this time here, you know the room.
There may be others who will not listen to the course directly, but
will just listen to the recorded lectures, and then they can do that
whenever they like.
There may be the necessity to reschedule some lectures due to
unavoidable absence from Karlsruhe.
That is very true because, for example, next week I will not be here.
I have to lead a roundtable discussion at an energy conference at
Singapore, and so I will not be here, but there, and will...
therefore cannot give the lecture.
The week after that, next week after that should be the 1st of May.
1st of May is a holiday.
That means I will not be here, as I said, on...
the next week would be 24th.
I'm not there.
1st of May is a holiday, and then we have the 8th of May.
It means that the next lecture after this one will be on the 8th of
May.
I may sometimes offer then to just have two slots in one afternoon.
If you agree that we do that, I would just try to...
I would find out where we could have a lecture from 2 to 3.30.
We have the slot here.
So I would offer to have two lectures in a row on one afternoon if
that is okay with you.
If you object to that, you have to tell me or send a message, but on
the 8th of May it will be just that one lecture, but after that we
might have more than one.
Okay, so things like that are just unavoidable.
We have to be present at international events, and I have to be
present there.
There will be no tutorials, as you know, just the lecture, and it
means that the number of credit points will be 4 and not 5.
In the information on the course that is produced by the mechanical
engineering faculty, there might be 3 noted there.
But I told them that it is 4.
And so it should be changed to 4.
Okay.
So that's this part.
This is something which is not really necessarily something which I
have to present here, but I would like to just briefly mention that we
have tools for communication or for supporting the communication in
class.
These are tools like the Nukid app.
It is an app for Android phones.
What can you do?
What you see down here on the right bottom, hardly visible for you, is
a tool which shows me a response from students so you can ask
questions, you can vote for being faster, slower or telling that
everything is alright.
And I will see it here on my screen.
So that's for feedback from students, usually not in a small class but
in a larger class where we do that.
And you can ask questions.
Certainly in this room you can just ask questions.
But if you like to do it in written form, you can do it with that
tool.
I just wanted to present that.
So this is the web application where you have this...
If you choose the lecture, the lecture certainly is called not test
but smart energy distribution.
And you have then to use a password.
The password is just smart energy.
That's why it is smartener or smartener.
Not smarter but smartener.
So this is one possibility to give feedback.
Another one is to use the app.
So this was the web application.
We have the Android app.
And if you look at that, you have the possibility to select a course.
You identify yourself as some arbitrary name.
Then you can give feedback.
You can post questions to the lecturer.
I can ask you something.
And you can vote on the possible answers.
So it's multiple choice.
And then you can also see the result of those voting.
So it's something to do voting in class and things like that.
So I just wanted to briefly present you this tool, but we probably
will not actually use it intensively unless you say I would really
like to use that tool.
So that's completely up to you.
I can ask that again next time.
You should say we should do that.
I will do it.
Otherwise I would not do it.
Those of you who have been in courses of industrial engineering know
who I am.
I just wanted to present briefly my background.
I have a chair of Applied Informatics at the Institute AIFB here in
the Faculty of Economics and Management.
So that's within the university mission of KIT.
I'm also one of the two directors of the Institute of Applied
Informatics and the National Research Center part of KIT.
So I'm also in the Helmholtz mission of KIT.
There I'm very much involved in energy related research programs and
I'm one of the twenty directors of the Research Center for Information
Technology, Forschungszentrum Informatik which is the innovation
mission of KIT where we actually transfer results from more
fundamentally oriented research into industry and so it is some kind
of innovation platform for information technology for the KIT but also
for the state of Baden-Württemberg.
My research is certainly informatics, so it's on efficient algorithms.
It's also on optimization of bio-inspired optimization, particular
genetic algorithms, particle form optimization, things like that.
Organic computing topic which is an important more and more important
topic because we have more and more self-organizing systems which
should be able to adapt to their environment and in particular in
energy systems we have exactly those technical applications that are
in need of architectures of information processing architectures that
can do things on their own in in a way where they are communicating
with their environment.
So there was an obvious transfer of organic computing into the energy
systems area.
And there we are creating the new sub-discipline of informatics which
we call energy informatics, where we apply methods of informatics into
energy -related issues.
And there are lots of challenges that have to be coped with, which
have to do with informatics.
We do that in a range of projects, some of which are already over.
Most of those here are still active.
So Meragio was one of the first projects we had here on minimum
emission regions, where we discussed the combination of energy
technology, information communication technology and market mechanisms
in order to improve the efficiency of the energy system, integrate
electric vehicles.
The integration of electric vehicles actually was part of Meragio
Mobile, where the batteries of electric vehicles had to be integrated
in a reasonable way into the energy system.
And it's interesting to see what kind of problems and opportunities
arise.
So not just electric vehicles, also plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
And this is continued currently in the project EIZOIS, Intelligence
Zero Emission Urban System and Chrome, cross-border mobility of
electric vehicles.
I will briefly come back to that in a moment.
We have an energy alliance of KIT and three universities, Darmstadt,
Dortmund and Aachen, on technologies for the future energy grid.
And this is a two-year cooperation with leading research groups on
these universities and at KIT.
And it will be extended into a larger program on storage and cross
-linked infrastructures, which will start next year.
I'm also active in something called LSDMA.
What is LSDMA standing for?
Large-scale data management and analysis.
So large-scale data management and analysis can also be described with
current buzzwords big data.
It's one of the buzzwords.
Some people talk about smart data.
So big data is just that you have lots of data available in the energy
system.
It's a typical application area where you can easily generate lots of
data.
The question is whether it's necessary.
Another question is whether you actually get interesting data out of
that.
Maybe you do something on the data and then you get not just big data,
but also smart data.
And we're also having an initiative which is just on its way to being
substantiated by a very large national activity.
It's the Smart Data Innovation Lab, which is on providing tools,
support, architectures like environment for working on large data sets
in order to create smart data, smart information in the areas of
energy, smart cities, industry 4.0, and personalized medicine.
Large application areas which are in focus currently, and KIT is
heavily involved in that project, and so am I.
And then we have here Castel, which also has very much to do with the
topics that we have to deal with when we talk about informatics,
information technology for the energy system.
We have to talk about security and privacy.
And at Karlsruhe we have Castel, the competence center for applied
security technologies, and in that competence center we have
demonstration projects where we show how we can actually or what we
can achieve, how we can make systems really more secure, and that's
the...
one of them is the energy part where I'm also actively involved with a
few other people.
So we are 10 chairs of informatics and of some other areas, in
particular also from the area of law, where we work jointly on these
applied security technologies.
And we have cooperation with industry where here in Mirage Mobile for
example, we have strong cooperation with industry.
So lots of things going on.
And then at KIT we have structured research areas and a new one, which
we founded last fall in success, in continuation of previous research
structures.
We only have centers now in research, and one of those centers now is
called Information Systems and Technologies, and it is a combination
of two previous KIT focuses, one of which was a focus on computation
and one of which, the other one, is anthropomatics and robotics, and
we are now combined into one center.
And let me briefly tell you something about computation, because it
has to do also with what we are talking about here or will be talking
about in the energy system.
So why do we talk about computation?
This is not incorrectly spelled, but it is done so on purpose.
Double M and putation afterwards, because it emphasizes the inherent
combination of communication and computation.
This is something which we see in most of the interesting areas of
development in the moment, in the industry, that we have systems that
can communicate devices that are intelligent, that can be aware of
their environment, and if they are aware of their environment, they
very often also can communicate, and if you have devices which can
communicate on their own, being aware of their environment, they can
respond to that and do things on their own.
That means they will be self-organizing.
So they can communicate, they can adapt to dynamically changing
requirements.
Well, who is posing those requirements?
Maybe somebody who actually would like to make good use of certain
environments of devices.
Sometimes there are attackers, which are not really that welcome.
And objects that we typically have these things are certainly
computers, mobile phones, but more and more also cars, airplanes,
appliances, all kinds of components in the industry, in traffic on
earth and the air.
So it's something which is just around us.
And we have to make sure that we don't get frustrated and run away,
but that we say, okay, this is perfect.
We get enhanced in our capabilities.
And so what we do there is we emphasize concepts, architectures,
methods, tools for getting better applications in those areas, like by
using information processing, communication, organizational methods
and services.
And the goal is to get trustworthy, robust and efficient behavior.
Trustworthy means the devices do what we expect them to do, which is
not really obvious that they will do so if they have the ability to
adapt to changing requirements and if they are self-organizing,
autonomously behaving, they could do something completely different,
but we need ways of making sure they are trustworthy.
They should be able to withstand disturbances and do something which
is what they really should do, so they should be in some way fault
-tolerant and it should be efficient what they do.
So complex adaptive systems, interesting area and we have had a large
program on those topics, organic computing, and now we are looking at
that from many disciplines, sub-disciplines.
So here at Karlsruhe we have a few topics working in this area.
One is grid and scientific computing, rather high level, or you could
say here service and web engineering, obviously has to do with that,
but also basic systems engineering, an important topic.
Communication technology is necessary and we need good algorithms and
software engineering, all focused on designing those complex systems
based on communication and computation.
And we do that in typical application areas, smart homes, smart energy
areas, also cloud computing in retail areas, future stores, variable
computing, so many different application areas.
And some people call those scenarios cyber-physical systems.
This is a buzzword which appeared in North America in the middle of
the last decade.
And so it was some years later discovered also by some people in
Germany who created a new research area cyber-physical systems,
although it was already known in North America, but then they renamed
it into a funding program for the industry called Industry 4.0, which
is emphasizing again the inherent connectedness of all kinds of
devices in the industry and industrial processes.
And we have to provide adequate infrastructure to support those
scenarios.
And this is exactly what we do in computation.
We provide infrastructure for cyber-physical systems.
We didn't call it like that, because the name was known already, and
we did not feel that it would be adequate to actually take a name that
is already there in other places, and so we took that name.
Just a few remarks on the projects that are the background for what
I'm telling you.
I'm a computer scientist.
I'm not a power engineer.
And so the question certainly is how can I tell you something about
smart energy distribution?
I can tell you something about smart data distribution, but based on
those projects, we learned quite a bit about energy technology, and
also about the new needs on what has to be done there.
So, Meragio was part of the e-energy funding program in Germany,
funded by the federal government, on combining energy technology,
energy markets, and information communication technology.
We are working here with a pilot region of 1,000 households, which
were equipped with intelligent devices, for example those Stromampel,
so a device which could show the current price of energy, of electric
power.
Yellow means medium price.
Green would mean low price.
Red would mean high price.
And it shows the profile that you see.
There is the price profile for the next 24 hours, or for 24 hours, and
you see the current price where you are.
And then you get some visualization of the current situation in the
system, and can respond to that.
This is manual response.
We also did more than that.
And if you look at who was actually participating at KIT, it was
people from energy economics, from informatics, telematics,
management, and law.
So very transdisciplinary, or multidisciplinary, and the combination
with law is essential because the energy area is one of the most
regulated areas, and so we really have to look at the regulatory
environment.
We have to see what we can do, actually, what we are allowed to change
in the technical areas.
And if we see that certain things should be changed, and the law is
against us, then we have to try to make sure that the regulatory
environment is actually modified.
And for that, you need people who can actually deal with those topics.
People from law are very essential.
And as you see, it's a strong cooperation with industrial partners.
ENBW was the leader there.
It ran from 2008 to 2012, so it's over already for two years almost.
So it ended at the end of 2012.
And we were cooperating with ABB, IBM, SAP, and a small consulting
company system plan.
Then we had Meragio Mobile, where we talked about information
communication technologies for electric mobility, so the topic here
was integrating in a reasonable way the needs for providing power to
electric vehicles.
And the most important aspect of that was that we could build a demo
and research lab, and this evolved into the construction of our KIT
Energy Smart Home Lab, which is now one of our major labs that we have
for experimenting with our technologies for controlling the energy
system.
It was a combination also with Daimler, with Opel, with Bosch.
So again, large partners.
For the project, I mentioned them already.
I saw it's extending that project, but we started with Meragio Mobile.
Cross-border mobility with electric vehicles is on crossing the
border.
What's so interesting about that?
The problem is that you have different charging infrastructure on both
sides of the border, and so the challenge was to get interoperability
of the infrastructures, making sure that you can recharge your vehicle
even if you are in a different country.
The other interesting point was to look at whether there are cultural
differences with respect of how people respond to electric mobility.
And so we were looking at, like from KIT, we were looking there in
particular at user responses, user feedback with respect to electric
mobility in France, in Germany.
And again, this is a cooperation with many industrial partners on the
French and the German side.
Then we have a Spitzencluster, leading-edge cluster.
Again, a research and development cooperation combining around 80
small and medium and some large companies on electric mobility in the
southwest of Germany.
The goal here is to get industrialization or industrial level of
components for electric mobility.
So far, quite a bit of that is just on the basis of prototypes, and we
have to get it into something which actually is on the industrial
level.
The major idea here is that we said, if we talk about electric
mobility, we have to be aware that it can only be successful if we
manage to get an integration of vehicle technology, energy technology
and information and communication technology.
Also production technology, because we have to produce those vehicles,
but those are here the premium or the major areas which have to
cooperate in a reasonable way, because information communication
technology definitely is necessary, in particular in those vehicles,
in a completely different way than the typical normal vehicle, which
also has quite a bit of ICT inside, meanwhile.
So in that Spitzencluster, we have four innovation areas, vehicle,
energy, information and communication and production.
I'm actually responsible for the information and communication area
there.
And we have lots of projects in particular here in the information and
communication area on intermodal electric mobility.
Intermodal means you look at different mobility carriers like vehicles
or pedelecs or public transportation or planes or whatever, and what
you like to get is information on how you get from place A to B, for
example from Karlsruhe to Rostock or wherever, and do that with the
best possible combination of different carriers of mobility.
The electric vehicles don't have sufficient range, so you have to
switch to another type of vehicle or public transportation.
But you don't want to have to deal with different providers of
mobility services, but to get everything out of one hand and just from
one provider.
So that's what is done in that project.
Then there's something on e-fleet management.
That means you have fleets of electric vehicles or of combinations of
electric and non-electric vehicles, and the question is how you can
actually provide services for optimizing the use of those vehicles.
Then smart grid integration is about the best possible integration of
mobile storage from electric vehicles into the grid, satisfying all
the needs of the different stakeholders.
And finally, green navigation is not on driving in green areas only,
but it's on extending the range of electric vehicles by considering
also the energy consumption of your vehicle while you are driving.
This depends on driving styles, on road conditions, on topography,
whether you're going uphill, downhill, or things like that.
So it's a more intelligent navigation systems.
And we have the Schaufenster Electric Mobility where use cases of
electric mobility are shown to a large extent.
We have the Helmholtz Energy Alliance, I mentioned that already.
And at the Research Center Informatics we have the House of Living
Labs.
I will offer you a possibility to visit that, so we will go there and
maybe have one lecture over there.
Then we can, as a side effect, also get a quick tour of the labs that
we have there, in particular the devices, the systems that we have
installed there for controlling the energy system.
So we have some kind of microgrid installed in that House of Living
Labs.
And this is run by some intelligent system.
Okay, so that's my background.
Very long discussion on background, but I think it's of interest for
you to see what the background of your lecture is.
What will we talk about?
This is just a copy of the information from the module handbook.
So let's look at what kind of things we will look at.
So it's different topics, the need for information, why do we actually
need information communication technology?
I have to tell you something about that.
I will tell you something about power distribution network.
I'm not sure how much you have heard already about energy
distribution, about the different layers, what kind of devices there
are.
Since there's only one student from energy technology or energy
technique, so the others don't have that background, so it does make
sense to provide you with more information on that.
If I cover things that you know already, you should point that out to
me and we can go quicker over those topics.
I will briefly show you something about market structures, very
briefly tell you something about the different markets that we have
there, in particular the major ways of the prices, of the way the
price actually is generated there.
I will tell you something about balancing zones, about balancing
demand and supply in the systems, and how we can actually do that, and
how we can do that in a self-organized, very decentralized way.
This is technology methodological approaches that we have designed in
my group.
Then smart home and energy management, all the devices, the approaches
that are talked about there, you will see after you have seen the
first part here, you will see why we need that.
I will tell you something about basics of smart metering and smart
meter security, and also about the role of electric mobility, and how
we can integrate that adequately into the system.
That will be more or less what I will tell you.
It has to do with energy distribution.
I could rename this course into energy informatics, but for that I
would have to tell you a little bit more about some other topics.
I will check a few times whether you have certain knowledge on topics
that I present to you, and if not, I will have to briefly include then
certain additional information.
As I said already, we will have a chance to visit the Energy Smart
Home Lab or probably rather the FZI House of Living Labs, because the
Energy Smart Home Lab will have a so-called living period where some
people are living there, experiencing the environment that we have
created there.
There will be an exam at the end, so there will be a final exam based
on what I present to you in this class.
Sometimes I provide you with links to additional material, but that
will not be part of the exam.
Depending on the number of students who actually would like to have
the exam, I will decide whether that is oral or written exam.
If it's more than 15 or so, I will probably have a written exam, but
we can see that while we are progressing further in the course, I will
check how many of you actually want to have the exam and then we can
decide that.
So that is on... you have a question?
That is up to arrangement, so it will not be exactly on those days.
Usually it's... I try to have it not too late, like in that week or
maybe the week after, but if you have exams the same days, I would
have it rather on Thursday or Friday of that week.
But we can arrange that.
We can also say, okay, if somebody would like to take it a little bit
later, we can also do that.
So this is... oral exam usually is something which is very flexible.
Written exam is not flexible.
That is just in the period that we have for offering written exams and
for my institute, that is just the Monday to Wednesday after the end
of lectures.
So that's 21st to 23rd of July.
So written, that would be
21st, 22nd or 23rd of July.
So one of those.
Not all of those.
It's not a three-day exam.
Don't worry.
It's just one hour.
Okay.
Target group.
We have talked about that.
Energy technology or Energietechnik and industrial engineering and
management and whatever, whoever is interested is welcome to attend.
I'm always interested in getting feedback.
So if you have something you would like to give us as recommendation,
as feedback on what we have done here and what we're doing, you're
welcome to tell us and this is really appreciated and will be
considered for modifying something or enforcing something a little bit
more.
And it's obvious since this is one of the most urgent topics of
research and development in the moment, the reshaping of the energy
system, there are lots of possibilities for interesting projects,
master theses, bachelor theses.
I guess you are all in the master program?
None is here from bachelor programs.
Okay.
Good.
So that was the basic organizational stuff and now we can start the
oops, go back and go to the first real chapter.
Just a moment.
Chapter 1.
Motivation and need for information and communication technology.
So this definitely is something which is of interest to see why we
actually need information and communication technology.
Why is it actually that important to talk about a topic which a few
years ago, like 10 years ago or so, most people in power engineering
or electrical engineering would say, the electricity area really is
not of interest.
There's no innovation.
No need for innovation.
Everything is fine and we don't see that you have to change anything
there.
It's working fine.
It's a well-established system.
No challenges and so quite a few chairs in that area have been
cancelled.
Research on batteries has been cancelled 10 years ago or 10 to 15
years ago in that area.
It was not seen as something which would be of interest to have
storage for electricity.
No need for that.
Now we have massive programs on batteries, on storage.
We have quite a few places where new chairs and electric grids
actually are created.
So this became all of a sudden a very important topic.
And you know why that is the case?
So you might have heard about European energy charges already.
So did you have lectures or courses so far on these topics, on
renewable energies, new energy systems and so on?
You did have.
Okay.
So you know most of these things.
But nevertheless, I will present it to you maybe very briefly.
But my view on that is different from the view of somebody who would
tell it from the more economic point of view.
I'm looking at it from the informatics point of view.
The first things are standard strategic energy technology targets
2020.
You know that politicians always need very simple messages.
They cannot deal with complex messages.
They need simple messages for the people.
It's not because they cannot think in complex things, but they think
that the citizens cannot understand complex things, so they always use
these very simple messages.
2020.
Something which has to be achieved by 2020.
20% reduction of greenhouse gases.
20% share of renewables.
20% increase in energy efficiency relative to the year 1990.
And in Germany, we are always more ambitious.
And I have in particular chosen that date for this because in the fall
of 2010, you might remember we had a government... I should start with
this year.
In 2007, we had a government which in Germany had told that we should
restrict the lifetime of nuclear power plants.
In 2010, we had a government which said, oh, we would like to extend
the lifetime.
The runtime of nuclear power plants.
But at the same time, they said we are very ambitious with respect to
the long-term goals for changing over to renewables, which is
something which has to occur.
Everybody knows that this has to occur in some place at some time.
They said we are extending the runtime for nuclear power plants, but
just to get more time for really developing the renewable energy
sources.
They said we would like to have not just those 20-20-20 targets, but
30 -50-80 and so it should be really strong reshaping of the energy
system by the year 2050.
And you know that in 2011, we had the Fukushima incident and we had
the Energiewende, where this Energiewende is only the highly
accelerated replacement of nuclear power with renewable energy
sources.
But it had always been the target to actually get to a new energy
system with a major share of renewables.
And just to show you what that actually means, like in 2010 we still
had something like 140 terawatt hours of energy generation over the
whole year from nuclear power plants.
140 terawatt hours, about 22% of the total generation of electricity.
In 2012, it was already reduced, because there we had the reduction
part of the nuclear power plants had to be switched off.
90 terawatt hours, the goal is in 2022 to have 0 terawatt hours.
This is the amount of energy that has to be replaced.
Now, if you look at the amount of energy that we can harvest from sun
and wind, nowadays, it's about that range.
So, it looks as if we are almost done.
But you will see that we are not done.
Quite a few things have to be done.
Just to tell you a little bit more, the term Energiewende is like for
a sailor, it has a certain relation to, like this word Wende has a
special meaning for a sailor.
And it's interesting to look at that in the context of the
Energiewende.
So, if you are a sailor, and you are here, you would like to get to a
destination where the wind is blowing against you.
You can still reach the goal, even if it's hard to get there, there
are many obstacles, the wind is blowing against you, but you can get
there by actually changing your direction all the time, making tags.
So, tagging is Wenden.
So, you change direction, normally not just once, but several times,
but the major point is not to lose your original goal.
So, nobody would do something like there is one competition called
Energiewende 180 degrees.
This does not make sense.
180 degrees would mean you would turn around and lose your original
goal.
This does not make sense for a sailor.
Maybe for other people.
Just to highlight something which certainly other people would not
tell you that much.
There is another interesting aspect if you look at it as a sailor.
If you are starting a Wende operation, usually you have to ask
everybody ready?
And only after everybody on board has responded,
then you are allowed to actually do it.
But before the Energiewende, nobody asks whether anybody is ready.
So, that was a major fault.
But if you would have waited for everybody to be ready, maybe that
Wende would have never occurred.
Then you would also have lost your goal.
And if you don't do it properly, things like that happen if you are a
sailor.
Then you just fall into the water or may suffer all kinds of
disastrous events.
Let's get back to the energy system.
I said maybe we have already the necessary amount of energy that is
necessary to replace nuclear power.
But the problem is that the energy system is not that simple.
And I will now show you several views on the way energy actually is
generated and how we deal with energy.
And on this diagram here, I will try to illustrate problems which we
could call the problems due to fluctuations.
Fluctuations in demand and supply.
So, demand in this graph here, this diagram is indicated in red.
These are two weeks in May of 2010.
So, four years ago.
But this will be the same.
If you look at the outside, we have sun all the days.
We have sun.
That's what you see here, by the way, in blue.
We have energy generation, power generation from photovoltaic systems.
And you also see here in yellow, power generation from wind.
You see there are some parts where you have higher energy generation.
Some parts where you have none energy generation at all.
Dead calms for several days.
And for the power consumption, you see the typical profiles for every
day.
Different on weekdays and weekends.
And you certainly also here have variations during the day, short
term.
You have from day to day, you have certain variations.
And then you have here some situations which is of very much interest.
So you have here strong power generation from wind, because the wind
was blowing heavily there.
You have sun.
And you have quite low power consumption.
So these are typical situations where you get a significant mismatch
between power generation and power consumption.
A surplus of power.
And in those situations, you get negative prices.
And if you have negative prices, some people rejoice.
Because, for example, if you have a pumped hydro storage facility, you
can just pump water uphill, as the Austrians do.
You get paid for that.
And later on, when the power is more expensive again, you are paid for
letting the water come down again.
This is a perfect way of actually getting paid for something which you
can do.
Pumping water up, letting water get down.
That is perfect.
But it's not perfect for our system.
We should make sure that we don't suffer from those situations.
Actually, in those situations, quite a bit of power is just not
utilized, because wind power plants are just switched off.
And this is a significant amount of power which is just not captured,
because it has to be switched off due to oversupply of power.
Just here, some remarks.
There are variations at different timescales, obviously.
Very short term, during the day, from day to day, week to week.
Between seasons, there are other variations, and then those are only
partially predictable.
You have some idea of how it looks like for the next day, but we'll
come back to that in a moment.
The weather is not completely predictable.
The movement of clouds is not completely predictable.
It means that power generation is fluctuating.
We certainly can try to deal with those fluctuations by making sure
that energy demand gets more adapted to the supply.
So that would be something which we could try to do, and this is what
the major task actually is of information and communication
technologies in the new energy system.
To compensate for a longer period without wind is a more difficult
topic.
For that, we need immense amounts of storage or shadow power plants
which can compensate for that.
Now, just a few more slides on showing the energy generation.
Certainly, we always have a mixture of different sources of energy.
We have currently a rather steady supply of nuclear power about 10
gigawatt steadily.
In France, by the way, the nuclear power plants are operated in a way
that they can actually respond in a very short term.
They can respond to fluctuations in demand, and they are much more
flexible than all the other power plants that we have in Germany.
They have just different technologies designed particularly for that,
because the major supply of power in France is from nuclear power
plants, and they have to be flexible.
So they designed the systems in that way.
In Germany, they are not designed that way.
And so we have them in a very stable way for the basic demand.
Then we have some fossil power plants, coal, lignite, oil, a little
bit of oil.
Then we have biomass and so on.
We have wind indicated in blue here, yellow here, the sun.
Photovoltaic power input.
Here you see something like that was in May 2012.
We had something like 20 gigawatt here, peak supply of power from
photovoltaic systems.
But very different from day to day.
And if you look at these diagrams, you see that here in May in June,
actually, 2011, there was some generation of power from photovoltaics.
In January almost none from photovoltaics, but a large amount of wind
power generated.
And there while in June, there was almost nothing from wind.
So very different situations, and we have to deal with those changes.
I guess that you know this URL, where you always get the current
information on energy generation.
And what you also get is not just the current production of power, but
you also get the predicted power generation.
So if you look at the 24th of April last year, there, the predicted
power looked like this.
And it was here, the predicted power was 17 gigawatt from
photovoltaics and 5.9 gigawatt from wind peak.
Although for wind it was rather steady.
For sun, this is the typical shape.
But then the actual power generation was 23 gigawatt from
photovoltaics peak and 6.4 gigawatt from wind.
That means it's a difference of more than 6 gigawatt from day to day.
The prediction is for the next day.
A difference of 6 gigawatt, which means that's about 5 to 6 nuclear
power plants.
And you have to deal with those fluctuations just from day to day, and
some of those actually occur on a much shorter time frame.
These are problems that we have to deal with, that you have
uncertain...
not just that you have these changes in energy generation, in power
generation, but you have the unpredictability that reality may deviate
significantly from what you actually have predicted.
And you have to make sure that you always have a balance between
demand and supply.
You have to provide sufficient power for the next day.
And if all of a sudden you have a surplus of 6 gigawatt or you have a
deficit, which also certainly can occur because of certain events,
then somehow you have to compensate for that.
And this now is a result of a study on what the situation might look
like in the year 2050, if we have actually extended the share of
renewables here, what you see in black here, like the colors are
always different, the different diagrams.
In black here is the energy consumption, the demand for power.
In here, green is biomass.
Then we have geothermal energy.
We have water.
In light blue is wind.
Yellow is sun.
That's what's predicted in a study from EVIS.
The study is 2 or 3 years old.
So the weather information that was used there was the weather in the
year 2007.
And what is interesting is that there are certain areas where you have
white space below the black line.
White space means there's a deficit of power.
You certainly also have here yellow or even blue areas that are above
the black line, which means you have a surplus in power.
And now you have to find ways of making sure that you have no white
spaces below the demand line.
The question is how we can achieve that.
One way would be just to reduce the demand.
That's something which some people say is the central part that we
have to deal with, which would be like if we would say we would just
like to reduce that.
It's making it slightly more easy, because the area below the black
curve then is smaller, but it will still be there, because here you
have white areas which are quite low, and it means moving that down
would be looking at efficiency.
You even hear politicians who say the major challenge is to get more
energy efficiency.
And they have not understood really the major problem.
It's not just the problem that we have to replace the energy that is
generated from nuclear power with energy that is generated from other
sources, from renewables, but we have to deal with the fluctuations.
Unpredictable fluctuations, and it means we have to talk not about
efficiency, but about flexibility.
And that's a completely different topic.
And that's the major topic we have to talk about when we talk about
the new energy system.
How we make that more flexible, how we can make sure that actually we
can get a match between demand and supply and reduce those white areas
here below the black line in a reasonable way.
And then there's another problem, which is really transforming the
energy system fundamentally.
This is the problem that we have due to decentralization of the
system.
You could say we don't need to decentralize.
But if we talk about photovoltaic or power generation from
photovoltaic systems, we have to talk about decentralization, because
photovoltaic panels are on rooftops.
And what you see on this slide here is a segment of the distribution
system, the distribution grid in Freiamt.
It's a village or a small town in the black forest area.
And here you see one of those like that segment.
This is something which currently the distribution system operators
don't see, but this was developed in our project Meragio, where we
actually have this visualization.
So you have this segment, you have all the end consumer points here
with some simulated demand profile.
And what you see is in black here is the normal voltage level, 230 or
240 volt.
And the more red this is, the higher is the voltage.
And this is high voltage, because we have power generation from
photovoltaic panels at the end of that segment.
Now this power that is generated has to be moved into the system.
It has to be moved over the lines that are there.
And if you look closely, you cannot see anything.
A little bit you can see.
Which is yellow lines there.
Yellow lines mean that you have power lines which are at the limit of
their capacity.
But you also see that here at the substation, nothing of that is
visible.
The voltage increase is only visible at the end of that segment.
It's not visible at the substation.
The substation is the only place which might be visible to the
distribution system operator.
But it's of no help, because it's not visible that something is
happening here.
It will only come to the attention of the distribution system operator
if somebody is calling because due to the voltage changes, some
technical device might suffer from it.
This is something which is a problem.
Decentralization.
Currently power is flowing only from central areas down to the
distribution system.
It's distributed.
All of a sudden it has to be moved from those places where power was
only consumed before.
And then it may be that you have new consumers, electric vehicles,
which want to be charged in a very fast way, and if it's... like, very
often you have several houses, several people who buy these electric
vehicles, maybe in the same street, and if they would like to get
power simultaneously, you get a voltage drop.
Again, this is almost not visible to the substation because the power
lines here again are at their limits, but in the other direction.
And you have to deal with those problems.
These are problems occurring at the ends of the power grid.
The leaves, you could say, if it's somehow... you could say it's a
tree -like system, and you only see that at the lower end of the low
-voltage area, which is an area where the distribution system
operators have almost no information about.
Now there are some people who say, okay, I could make use of those
decentralized systems.
For example, there is this company called Lichtblick, who says we just
have or we operate 100,000 combined heat and power plants in the
basements of family houses, and if there is a need for power, we just
provide the power from those combined heat and power plants.
Now assume here you would have many of those combined heat and power
plants in the basements of houses, and they would like to provide
power.
Impossible.
Because it's not possible to move the power using that line.
You could build more lines there, but this is not really of help in
the long run, and you have to move power from low-voltage to medium
-voltage to high-voltage, but the transformers are built in the other
way.
They should transform from high-voltage to low-voltage.
The other way, it's not like transforming from low-voltage to higher
-voltage is not really efficient.
You need different transformers for that.
And so this is a problem.
And the only way around that, how you could actually reduce the
problems that you see here, would be to say, okay, if I have predicted
and that's the use case for those tools that I show you here, it's a
tool for finding out there is a certain problem that I envisage for
the next half hour or whatever that there will be a bottleneck, and if
I know there are electric vehicles which need to be recharged, I could
just make sure that this happens simultaneously.
And it has to happen on the same segment of the low-voltage grid.
It's not sufficient to say, okay, this is just in some part of the low
-voltage grid.
It has to be the same segment.
So it needs local coordination, information exchange between those
local partners, it needs something which has to be done here, locally.
Not somewhere else in a central location, this is something which has
to be done by local communication on what's happening there.
Okay.
So this is showing you decentralization leads to some problems, and
then this is just showing, again, the effect of photovoltaic power
generation.
What do you see here?
You see in yellow, again, PV power.
In blue here, you see the voltage levels.
And if you look at that for a moment, you see that there's a strong
correlation between voltage and power generation from photovoltaic
panel.
This is measured for a 5 kW peak photovoltaic panel set.
So the voltage deviation is not that significant.
So this is here 235, and this is 222.
So here you see this is not very significant, but it is visible.
And if you have low-power, not low-power, low-voltage segment of the
distribution grid, and you have many houses having photovoltaic panels
on the rooftop, then they are all operating there, they are all
generating power, and usually they are doing that in a more or less
synchronized way, different from the usage of household appliances
also in different houses.
The behavior of PV panels along one segment of our power grid
certainly will be the same, because they get the same effects from the
sun.
Certainly there may be a cloud which moves over such a part of the low
-power grid, but that's a short local effect, and more or less it is
synchronized.
And this shows that these effects, voltage changes, are effects which
have to be considered, and so we have to do something there.
So what we have to do is we have to balance demand and supply, because
certainly electricity cannot be stored within the grid.
I should add that.
That's definitely true, not just an assumption, but if we look at the
grid, just at the power lines, we cannot store energy there.
It's just possible to move energy over those lines, but we cannot
store it there.
And the traditional assumption is that demand cannot be controlled.
It's just there.
We don't want to be controlled when we switch on power or switch it
off.
And another point is that the supply is just always coming from the
high -voltage or ultra-high-voltage layer of the grid, transmitted to
other areas, and then distributed over medium-voltage or low-voltage
toward the demand.
It's just central sources, and then at the end you have the demand,
and you can make sure that energy distributes fast over the medium
-voltage and high-voltage layers, like those transmission areas, and
then goes down into the distribution system at low-voltage.
And this is a perfect system, as long as we have centralized power
plants.
And we know that we can respond to the changes in demand easily by
just using a very interesting parameter, which is the... I didn't name
it here... this is frequency controlled.
So we just look at the frequency and the interesting thing is that
frequency is a global parameter, which is the same all over the grid.
Almost the same.
Very small deviations.
And it means that if there is an oversupply of power, or reduction in
demand, you see that the frequency is getting higher because the
resistance of the...
in the rotating masses, they have less resistance, they are turning
faster.
And so the frequency is going up.
And you see that we have to reduce the generation of power.
And if you have insufficient energy supply, or higher demand, the
frequency is going down.
And this is something which is visible all over the grid.
You don't need to communicate...
I showed you these two visualizations of the low voltage area with
respect to the voltage.
Voltage is something which is a very local parameter.
You could not see the voltage fluctuations at the substation.
But you do see changes in frequency.
And so you can... you just have to look at frequency and then you can
respond to that.
Triggered by frequency, you can immediately provide your primary
spinning reserves, primary control power we'll come back to that later
on, or secondary, or minute reserve, or hour reserve, and in this way
respond to deviations in the demand for power.
And adapt the supply to that.
So supply follows demand.
An ingenious way of doing that, power engineers did a good job, and
that was the reason why people said, we don't need to do anything
there, everything is working fine.
But we don't have that easy system anymore.
Now we have supply at the end of that in the low voltage region, and
all of a sudden we get a potential reversal of power flow, and supply
is no longer controllable and so it means that if we have to balance
demand and supply, we could either, certainly we can always switch off
power plants, just stop them.
You see quite a few wind power plants which are just idle, doing
nothing, because the power is not needed.
Although you have to pay the owners of the power plants for the power
that they could have generated.
That's why there's no economic interest in switching them off.
So what we have to do if we need flexibility we need ways of making
the demand more flexible.
So demand has to follow the supply we need flexibility in the demand
and we have to look at how we can generate that.
How we can generate flexibility.
And this is one of the major areas where information communication
technology, human machine interfaces play a major role and have to
provide solutions in order to actually get possibilities to cope with
those problems.
And when you look at the watch here it's 5.15, so that's what I could
present to you today.
We continue not two weeks from now, the 8th of May.
A little bit of time to the next lecture but I will just give you some
time then, a double lecture in order to cope with that.
Okay, thank you for your attention and see you then again on the 8th
of May.
Have a happy Easter.