WEBVTT 00:03.070 --> 00:07.860 Okay, welcome to this course on Smart Energy Distribution. 00:08.320 --> 00:11.620 I have to say a few things initially. 00:12.060 --> 00:15.620 The first thing is that it is rather late in the term that I start 00:15.620 --> 00:16.140 this course. 00:17.500 --> 00:24.820 The reason was that there just were a few events that prevented me 00:24.820 --> 00:26.020 from starting it earlier. 00:26.020 --> 00:32.940 So the first week I had to present an essential part of Karlsruhe at a 00:32.940 --> 00:36.540 presentation of the Technologie Region Karlsruhe at Brussels. 00:37.260 --> 00:38.420 That was the first week. 00:38.520 --> 00:42.300 The second week I had to teach a course at the Hector School. 00:43.320 --> 00:49.000 Three days full-time lecturing, different from what we do at KRT. 00:49.000 --> 00:51.360 And now I'm finally here. 00:52.040 --> 00:57.600 And since the Thursday in the summer term has the problem that there 00:57.600 --> 01:02.000 are several holidays on Thursdays, and in addition to that there are a 01:02.000 --> 01:07.980 few more days on Thursdays where I have other things to do, I noticed 01:07.980 --> 01:12.480 that there are just six Thursdays in this term where I can teach the 01:12.480 --> 01:12.780 course. 01:12.780 --> 01:20.220 And so I decided just to put on every Thursday afternoon four hours or 01:20.220 --> 01:23.860 three time hours, so two times one and a half hours on one afternoon. 01:24.840 --> 01:28.860 And so in this way we have the course almost every other week. 01:29.680 --> 01:32.700 And I'm finally ready to start. 01:33.440 --> 01:36.600 In a room where I teach the first time. 01:36.800 --> 01:45.480 So this is a room that so far was used by the Faculty of Mathematics, 01:45.580 --> 01:49.300 which now moved out of this building and this will be one of our 01:49.300 --> 01:51.760 standard seminar rooms from now on. 01:52.380 --> 01:56.800 So I think it's a nice room and we will have to start. 01:56.800 --> 02:02.840 So, just a few words about who is connected with this course. 02:03.320 --> 02:09.260 It's my name here, so for those who will actually not be here or will 02:09.260 --> 02:12.660 not be present in the lecture, but only look at the recorded lectures, 02:12.900 --> 02:17.300 that's my face there, or my picture. 02:17.420 --> 02:17.840 What's this? 02:17.920 --> 02:20.020 Something is not correct here. 02:20.640 --> 02:21.500 This is strange. 02:22.500 --> 02:23.760 I don't know what's happening there. 02:26.320 --> 02:31.040 So, this is my picture. 02:31.500 --> 02:32.860 Office hours, Tuesdays. 02:33.240 --> 02:37.000 And then there is my assistant, Sebastian Kochanek, who has not that 02:37.000 --> 02:39.780 much to do here in this course, because I'm not offering tutorials, 02:40.480 --> 02:45.340 but he will organize things that are connected to this, like manage 02:45.340 --> 02:47.960 the recorded lectures and things like that. 02:48.640 --> 02:52.420 So, the course will be presented definitely as live lectures. 02:52.520 --> 02:54.920 For you in the room here, this is obvious. 02:55.420 --> 02:57.980 The lecture is recorded, as I'm doing it always. 02:58.120 --> 03:02.160 All my lectures are recorded, so slides, annotations, sound using 03:02.160 --> 03:02.680 Camtasia. 03:03.880 --> 03:07.240 Everything is available as AVI documents. 03:07.840 --> 03:12.780 You have on the website of DIVA, Digital Video Audio Archive, you have 03:12.780 --> 03:14.920 a streaming version and can also download. 03:15.640 --> 03:20.980 So, if you are happy with looking at a streaming video, you can 03:20.980 --> 03:23.240 definitely use that from DIVA. 03:23.780 --> 03:28.020 But I think, to really use a recorded lecture, you should use some 03:28.020 --> 03:32.440 player, which will allow you to modify the way you actually access the 03:32.440 --> 03:32.720 course. 03:32.840 --> 03:36.660 Either jump at a specific place, where you would like to listen to 03:36.660 --> 03:40.940 again, after you have seen the course in the live lecture. 03:40.940 --> 03:45.740 Or, you might want to just speed it up a little bit, in order to spend 03:45.740 --> 03:50.920 less time on listening, because some things can be speeded up 03:50.920 --> 03:51.340 slightly. 03:52.240 --> 03:57.300 And so, for that, the VLC is a perfect player, because that's offering 03:57.300 --> 03:58.080 exactly that. 03:58.820 --> 04:05.540 The other thing is, that this Camtasia player, there's a link on 04:05.540 --> 04:09.640 webpage, that's provided free of charge by TechSmith. 04:09.640 --> 04:14.740 An important part is, that you have visible scrolling. 04:15.000 --> 04:21.400 Those who have heard courses with me, know all about that. 04:25.340 --> 04:30.080 What is really puzzling, I can, for some reason, I cannot access the 04:30.080 --> 04:31.360 pen. 04:31.520 --> 04:32.260 I don't know why. 04:33.080 --> 04:35.420 I have no idea, why I cannot access the pen. 04:35.420 --> 04:41.900 So, maybe I should briefly restart the recording. 04:42.320 --> 04:46.280 No, not restart the recording, but restart the lecturing tool. 04:46.540 --> 04:47.980 So, I end that. 04:48.120 --> 04:49.380 Ah, there's the reason. 04:50.260 --> 04:52.920 You see, that was still protected there. 04:53.440 --> 04:58.560 So, now it will be possible, if I go back to the slides, now I will be 04:58.560 --> 04:59.800 able to select the pen. 05:00.060 --> 05:00.960 Yes, that was it. 05:00.960 --> 05:05.840 So, this was just with respect to the recording. 05:06.580 --> 05:09.100 Then, time and location, Thursdays. 05:09.520 --> 05:13.140 Every other week, about every other week, the correct dates are given 05:13.140 --> 05:13.580 here. 05:14.640 --> 05:20.200 From 2 to 17, or from 14 to 17.15, in this room here. 05:24.920 --> 05:28.120 So, these will be the dates, where the course is offered. 05:29.720 --> 05:31.680 And, there will be no tutorials. 05:32.600 --> 05:35.640 Maybe, that at some time, they will be added. 05:36.560 --> 05:39.680 But, so far, we will only have the lectures every other week. 05:40.300 --> 05:45.780 And so, you only have 4 credit points for this, and not the 5 credit 05:45.780 --> 05:50.860 points, that we usually have for a course, that has 2 lecture hours, 05:50.960 --> 05:52.960 plus 1 hour tutorials. 05:53.800 --> 05:59.940 I briefly, or have here, a few slides on the Nukid cooperation tools. 06:00.420 --> 06:05.140 Who of you has never seen these tools for asking questions? 06:05.420 --> 06:09.360 Like, let me show you this here, who has never used such a tool in a 06:09.360 --> 06:09.620 course? 06:09.880 --> 06:15.280 Some of you have not, maybe you are from the ENTEC study program, a 06:15.280 --> 06:16.700 program of study. 06:17.260 --> 06:22.480 So, this is essentially for those classes, where we have a very large 06:22.480 --> 06:23.440 number of students. 06:24.080 --> 06:28.540 So, this is for the students, giving feedback to me, while I'm 06:28.540 --> 06:28.900 lecturing. 06:29.320 --> 06:32.740 I can also ask you questions, but I can, like in a small group like 06:32.740 --> 06:36.400 this, I can ask the questions directly, and you can put up your hand, 06:36.440 --> 06:37.540 or say something directly. 06:37.780 --> 06:42.900 So, we are not that much relying on tools for that. 06:42.900 --> 06:47.860 So, if somebody of you would like to have that, I can put it on, I can 06:47.860 --> 06:49.860 start it, and you can give electronic feedback. 06:50.520 --> 06:52.680 But, if you don't, it's fine with me. 06:53.620 --> 06:56.760 Although, I'm always pleased to use that, because it's the development 06:56.760 --> 06:57.440 from my group. 06:59.360 --> 07:05.280 Again, let me briefly introduce myself, like what kind of person is 07:05.280 --> 07:07.520 teaching something to you here. 07:07.520 --> 07:10.840 So, who am I? 07:10.940 --> 07:13.860 I'm the Chair of Applied Informatics at the Institute AIFB. 07:14.320 --> 07:16.580 That's the university mission of KIT. 07:17.280 --> 07:22.180 I used to be also, for some time, the Director at the Institute of 07:22.180 --> 07:22.740 Applied Informatics. 07:23.480 --> 07:29.900 The chair there has now been filled, so I have gone back from that 07:29.900 --> 07:34.260 extra duty, but I'm still affiliated with that institute. 07:34.260 --> 07:37.380 So, that is the Helmholtz mission of KIT. 07:38.160 --> 07:42.860 And I'm one of the 22 Directors at the Research Center for Information 07:42.860 --> 07:46.700 Technology, FZE, Forschungszentrum Informatik, which is the innovation 07:46.700 --> 07:47.700 mission of KIT. 07:48.000 --> 07:54.420 So, I'm active in all these three areas, or these three missions of 07:54.420 --> 07:54.780 KIT. 07:54.780 --> 08:00.280 My research areas are, essentially, the core research competence is 08:00.280 --> 08:04.660 efficient algorithms, and then many different topics. 08:05.360 --> 08:08.840 Bio-inspired optimization, in particular, genetic algorithms, encoding 08:08.840 --> 08:11.400 optimization, particle-formed optimization, and so on. 08:11.860 --> 08:17.100 Organic computing, having to do with self-organizing systems, which 08:17.100 --> 08:22.480 are essential for very distributed, intelligent devices. 08:22.480 --> 08:27.200 And an example of such a scenario, where we have all kinds of systems 08:27.200 --> 08:29.740 which may be active, is the energy system. 08:30.280 --> 08:34.420 And that is my topic, or has been my topic, for quite some time now. 08:35.380 --> 08:41.720 It emerged as my major topic in recent years, but I started working on 08:41.720 --> 08:45.720 topics related to that about 10 years ago, with one of the projects we 08:45.720 --> 08:46.160 had here. 08:46.160 --> 08:48.940 And so now we are building up something which is called Energy 08:48.940 --> 08:49.540 Informatics. 08:50.580 --> 08:55.600 And this arose from a range of projects, where the first one, 08:55.680 --> 08:56.820 actually, I did not list here. 08:56.860 --> 09:05.060 The first one was the project ZESAM, Sesame, on self-organization and 09:05.060 --> 09:08.420 spontaneity in liberalized and harmonized markets. 09:08.420 --> 09:14.460 And then we came to projects like Miragio, Miragio Mobile, iZoys, 09:14.580 --> 09:21.080 Chrome, which I will probably give a little bit more information just 09:21.080 --> 09:22.440 a little bit later on. 09:23.700 --> 09:27.380 And then I'm active in the Energy Alliance, Technology for Future 09:27.380 --> 09:28.480 Energy Grids. 09:28.640 --> 09:32.800 That's a research alliance in the Helmholtz mission of KIT. 09:33.630 --> 09:37.700 There's a portfolio project also in the Helmholtz area, which is 09:37.700 --> 09:45.800 called a large-scale data management and analysis project, where I'm 09:45.800 --> 09:48.980 responsible for the Data Life Cycle Lab Energy. 09:50.840 --> 09:56.640 And we have at Karlsruhe a very important, it's not really a project, 09:56.880 --> 10:00.260 it's a competence center, one of the three national competence centers 10:00.260 --> 10:01.050 on IT security. 10:01.050 --> 10:04.310 And at Karlsruhe it's called the Competence Center for Applied 10:04.310 --> 10:09.750 Security Technologies, where I'm active in the energy-related security 10:09.750 --> 10:10.450 aspects. 10:11.570 --> 10:15.270 Starting this year, we are active in the Helmholtz Program Storage and 10:15.270 --> 10:16.370 Cross -Link Infrastructure. 10:16.450 --> 10:21.150 It's a program that has been formed in recent years in order to 10:21.150 --> 10:25.830 address or to have a program in the Helmholtz Association, which is 10:25.830 --> 10:29.230 directly addressing the challenges of the Energiewende. 10:30.190 --> 10:36.110 And so that's where we look at storage facilities, storage items. 10:36.430 --> 10:41.270 But as computer scientists, we look at how we can actually integrate 10:41.270 --> 10:47.450 different types of storage systems into the energy network, such that 10:47.450 --> 10:51.970 we actually can utilize these storage facilities for stabilizing the 10:51.970 --> 10:52.810 networks. 10:52.810 --> 10:59.550 And we have a lot of cooperation with industry, mainly over the FZI 10:59.550 --> 11:00.730 Research Center. 11:01.730 --> 11:06.390 Then I'm also active in the KIT Center Information Systems Technology. 11:06.950 --> 11:09.210 You know that we have several KIT centers. 11:09.530 --> 11:13.030 The research at KIT is structured in a systematic way into different 11:13.030 --> 11:13.490 topics. 11:13.490 --> 11:21.930 We have the KIT centers on energy, on climate, on mobility systems, on 11:21.930 --> 11:31.430 astrophysics, elementary particle physics, on man and machine 11:31.430 --> 11:34.610 technologies, or man and machine, essentially. 11:36.510 --> 11:38.290 What is it called again? 11:40.970 --> 11:45.510 It's humans and technology, essentially. 11:46.210 --> 11:49.330 And certainly we have this KIT Center Information Systems and 11:49.330 --> 11:53.910 Technology, which is actually a merger of the previous two KIT 11:53.910 --> 11:59.750 focuses, anthropomatics and robotics, and computation, where 11:59.750 --> 12:02.750 computation stands for communication plus computation. 12:02.910 --> 12:07.090 And I have been a spokesperson of that focus, and now I'm one of the 12:07.090 --> 12:09.570 preliminary spokespersons of that new center. 12:09.730 --> 12:13.430 And I wanted to briefly tell you what actually is computation about. 12:13.430 --> 12:17.550 And I do that because this is also closely related to the topics, to 12:17.550 --> 12:21.830 the technologies that we are addressing, that are needed actually for 12:21.830 --> 12:23.650 future energy systems. 12:23.990 --> 12:27.450 So computation is about the inherent combination of communication and 12:27.450 --> 12:34.090 computation, based on the insight that there are all these intelligent 12:34.090 --> 12:38.690 embedded systems that are around us, regardless where we look at. 12:38.690 --> 12:42.030 We just have to look at ourselves, and we have intelligent devices 12:42.030 --> 12:43.110 that we carry around. 12:44.090 --> 12:47.210 So there are numerous intelligent objects which are capable to 12:47.210 --> 12:51.710 communicate among each other, and also with humans. 12:52.050 --> 12:53.770 They are aware of their environment. 12:53.990 --> 12:58.330 They notice where they actually are, and they will adapt to what they 12:58.330 --> 12:58.730 see. 12:58.870 --> 13:02.670 They will adapt to dynamically changing requirements. 13:02.670 --> 13:07.990 And so this is a scenario that is interesting, because it will 13:07.990 --> 13:10.470 influence the way we can perceive our environment. 13:11.110 --> 13:15.630 Typical objects are indicated here, or sketched with these icons, or 13:15.630 --> 13:17.410 these images here. 13:17.650 --> 13:20.850 Computers, mobile phones, but not just these information processing, 13:21.130 --> 13:24.050 typical information processing or communication devices, but also 13:24.050 --> 13:26.070 cars, airplanes, appliances. 13:26.370 --> 13:30.910 You can add many, many different other devices here. 13:30.910 --> 13:36.990 And what we do in that focus is that we work on concepts, 13:37.190 --> 13:40.390 architectures, methods, tools, and selected applications of 13:40.390 --> 13:43.970 information processing, communication, organization, and services. 13:44.610 --> 13:48.990 And the objective is to provide trustworthy, robust, and efficient 13:48.990 --> 13:50.930 behavior of complex adaptive systems. 13:51.390 --> 13:56.090 So this is a very general statement on what we are interested in, but 13:56.090 --> 14:00.510 this is actually the background for my involvement in the energy area. 14:00.510 --> 14:04.930 And this is the background why I'm actually all of a sudden capable to 14:04.930 --> 14:09.250 teach something in the area of energy systems, where a few years ago I 14:09.250 --> 14:13.450 would have said, well, energy systems, that's not my area. 14:13.810 --> 14:17.050 But all of a sudden it became one of the most fascinating areas for my 14:17.050 --> 14:17.430 research. 14:18.110 --> 14:22.850 Just for completeness, this KIT Center on Information Systems and 14:22.850 --> 14:25.690 Technology now has 10 different topics. 14:26.810 --> 14:30.770 Although this is not that relevant for students, but I think you 14:30.770 --> 14:35.990 should know what your institution actually is representing to the 14:35.990 --> 14:36.690 outside world. 14:36.890 --> 14:40.610 And this is the way we structure the area of information systems 14:40.610 --> 14:41.290 technologies. 14:41.670 --> 14:44.770 So ranging from machine intelligence, where it's about learning 14:44.770 --> 14:49.630 systems, algorithms, cyber-physical systems, robotics and automation, 14:50.290 --> 14:54.070 then anthropomatics, so that's human-centered technologies, and 14:54.070 --> 14:57.530 biomedical engineering, certainly security and dependability, 14:57.770 --> 15:02.490 supercomputing and big data, communication technologies, teratronics, 15:02.590 --> 15:06.910 teratronics is about very high-frequency communication systems, web 15:06.910 --> 15:08.910 science, service engineering, and computer architecture. 15:09.130 --> 15:14.790 So this is not really ordered in a systematic discipline, or not 15:14.790 --> 15:18.230 ordered with respect to disciplines, but just some ordering which came 15:18.230 --> 15:20.590 up when we designed this new center. 15:20.590 --> 15:26.010 So you see the range of topics that we are looking at in large 15:26.010 --> 15:30.390 research projects at KIT on this broad area. 15:30.550 --> 15:34.250 You could say just the Center for Information, but if you only say 15:34.250 --> 15:37.790 Center for Information or Information Center, you would see, okay, 15:37.890 --> 15:41.550 that's the press and media department, but certainly that's not the 15:41.550 --> 15:46.670 press and media department, but it is on looking at information as an 15:46.670 --> 15:52.170 essential phenomenon that is really influencing almost every aspect of 15:52.170 --> 15:55.650 our lives, similar to energy or mobility, so it's on the same level. 15:56.070 --> 15:59.370 But if you would only say information, that's not really adequate, so 15:59.370 --> 16:03.210 we added systems technologies to make sure that this connection to 16:03.210 --> 16:08.670 using information in systems and in various technologies is what we 16:08.670 --> 16:09.470 are talking about. 16:09.930 --> 16:14.610 But this is not a lecture on this center, but on other things. 16:15.110 --> 16:18.210 Just to add a little bit more about my background, as I said, I wanted 16:18.210 --> 16:21.250 to tell you something about the major projects we have been looking 16:21.250 --> 16:24.710 at, and these are definitely relevant to what I will be talking about 16:24.710 --> 16:25.470 in this course. 16:27.030 --> 16:31.170 So it's... the first one is Meragio, moving towards minimum emission 16:31.170 --> 16:31.690 regions. 16:32.070 --> 16:36.110 This was one of the six model regions that we had in Germany in the 16:36.110 --> 16:37.950 energy program of the federal government. 16:37.950 --> 16:44.830 And so it's about combining energy technology, energy markets, and 16:44.830 --> 16:49.210 information communication technologies, such that we get more 16:49.210 --> 16:51.610 efficient and more flexible energy systems. 16:51.870 --> 16:57.310 And we are cooperating there under the lead of ENBW with industrial 16:57.310 --> 17:01.090 companies, large industrial companies, ABB, IBM, SAP, and a small 17:01.090 --> 17:02.790 consulting company, Systemplan. 17:03.970 --> 17:08.830 And at KIT we had five chairs from different disciplines, informatics, 17:09.110 --> 17:13.690 economics, management, law, telematics. 17:14.050 --> 17:18.110 It's an essential point that you cannot address these topics if you 17:18.110 --> 17:22.270 just do it from one discipline standpoint, but you have to cooperate 17:22.270 --> 17:23.750 with other disciplines in this area. 17:23.750 --> 17:29.250 And we had a pilot region with about 1,000 participants, which were 17:29.250 --> 17:30.670 confronted with new technologies. 17:31.490 --> 17:36.190 Okay, and then we added Meragio Mobile, which was about integrating 17:36.190 --> 17:42.030 the recharging needs of electric vehicles to get the energy for 17:42.030 --> 17:46.910 driving into the energy system. 17:46.910 --> 17:51.910 So we had to talk about how can we actually integrate these batteries 17:51.910 --> 17:54.270 into some kind of smart home environment. 17:55.030 --> 18:00.070 And again, we had large projects under the lead of ENBW, together 18:00.070 --> 18:05.050 with, again, large companies, in this case also with automotive 18:05.050 --> 18:08.630 companies like Daimler and Opel and also Bosch. 18:08.630 --> 18:16.210 And so here we worked on services, we had computer simulations, we had 18:16.210 --> 18:19.610 field trials with electric vehicles and a living lab. 18:20.270 --> 18:24.310 And we at KIT were 11 chairs, now also people from electrical 18:24.310 --> 18:28.250 engineering, which certainly had to be there because this was more on 18:28.250 --> 18:33.730 actually integrating components, which are just electrical equipment, 18:33.910 --> 18:34.830 batteries and so on. 18:35.090 --> 18:37.490 And for that you need people who are experts there. 18:37.490 --> 18:41.770 And we built there this center of competence at KIT, a demo and 18:41.770 --> 18:45.150 research lab, which evolved into one of the major assets that we have 18:45.150 --> 18:50.010 now at KIT, the Energy Smart Home Lab, which actually I will offer you 18:50.010 --> 18:54.090 to visit one time during the course that we go there and you can see 18:54.090 --> 18:56.810 what we have actually installed there, what kind of technologies. 18:56.970 --> 19:01.310 You will also see slides within one chapter on what we are doing 19:01.310 --> 19:04.130 there, but we will also have a chance to visit that house. 19:05.040 --> 19:10.970 Okay, further projects, EIZEUS, Intelligent Zero Emission Urban 19:10.970 --> 19:15.990 System, was the second part of the ICT for Electric Mobility federal 19:15.990 --> 19:19.670 funding program, where Meridian Mobile was the first project. 19:20.090 --> 19:23.330 Then we had another program on cross-border mobility with electric 19:23.330 --> 19:27.270 vehicles, where you could ask, well, what's the problem about driving 19:27.270 --> 19:29.310 across the border with an electric vehicle? 19:29.310 --> 19:33.850 The problem is that you might have, and really have, different 19:33.850 --> 19:38.150 technology on the German side and the French side, in particular with 19:38.150 --> 19:42.390 respect to the charging infrastructure, and so different plug 19:42.390 --> 19:46.270 requirements, different technologies at the charging stations, and so 19:46.270 --> 19:51.230 one of the objectives was to have interoperability of infrastructures 19:51.230 --> 19:53.850 for recharging the batteries of your vehicle. 19:53.850 --> 19:58.570 The other point is to look at how do people actually respond to such a 19:58.570 --> 20:03.230 new technology and to the services that we provide them to facilitate 20:03.230 --> 20:05.230 the way they can actually use electric vehicles. 20:05.870 --> 20:11.070 And so this was something which we looked at at KIT from a research 20:11.070 --> 20:14.910 point, and we had many industrial partners there on the German side, 20:14.990 --> 20:15.690 on the French side. 20:15.690 --> 20:23.970 And then we have several projects within the Spitzencluster, leading 20:23.970 --> 20:28.530 -edge cluster on electric mobility southwest, Road to Global Market, 20:28.670 --> 20:32.730 that's the name of that large initiative, a cluster driven by the 20:32.730 --> 20:38.310 industry, about 80 companies who are cooperating there, together with 20:38.310 --> 20:42.130 some research institutions, in particular with KIT and also FZI. 20:42.830 --> 20:50.390 And here the topics that we look at is the integrated view on electric 20:50.390 --> 20:56.070 mobility, namely that electric mobility can only be successful if we 20:56.070 --> 21:02.310 address vehicle technology, energy technology, and information and 21:02.310 --> 21:03.310 communication technology. 21:03.310 --> 21:08.570 These have to be integrated in order to have a successful way of 21:08.570 --> 21:14.290 dealing with that technology, making it really a good experience and 21:14.290 --> 21:16.230 really having something which can be accepted. 21:16.810 --> 21:20.950 Then there is the showcase or the living lab, electric mobility Baden 21:20.950 --> 21:25.750 -Württemberg, which also are integrated to some extent. 21:26.250 --> 21:30.470 And as I mentioned already, we have the Helmholtz Energy Alliance, the 21:30.470 --> 21:34.110 Helmholtz program, and there within the Helmholtz program, storage and 21:34.110 --> 21:37.250 cross -linked infrastructure, the networks and storage integration 21:37.250 --> 21:41.870 topic where we address how we can actually integrate successfully 21:41.870 --> 21:51.010 different types of storage into the networks or into the grid, such 21:51.010 --> 21:54.090 that we can have a stable operation there. 21:54.090 --> 21:59.810 And we have several projects in the House of Living Labs of the 21:59.810 --> 22:01.390 Research Center of Information Technologies. 22:01.890 --> 22:06.390 We will also offer you to visit that House of Living Labs. 22:06.510 --> 22:08.810 We can show you what kind of technologies we have there. 22:09.430 --> 22:13.470 Also, again, you will see also some slides about that later on in the 22:13.470 --> 22:13.730 course. 22:13.990 --> 22:15.450 So this is my background. 22:15.650 --> 22:19.130 You see that I have a project background in the area which is relevant 22:19.130 --> 22:23.890 to this course, namely smart energy distribution, but my real 22:23.890 --> 22:25.850 background is certainly computer science. 22:26.670 --> 22:30.190 And now we have to look at briefly what kind of course this will be. 22:30.350 --> 22:33.890 Here is just... this is copied from the description of the course. 22:33.990 --> 22:35.330 I don't want to read that to you. 22:35.390 --> 22:36.510 You might have read that already. 22:37.230 --> 22:41.330 The plan is to tell you something about these topics here. 22:41.470 --> 22:41.910 That's all. 22:43.190 --> 22:44.830 Motivation, the need for ICT. 22:45.050 --> 22:47.890 Why do we actually need information and communication technologies in 22:47.890 --> 22:48.590 the energy network? 22:48.590 --> 22:52.310 The traditional power engineer would say, why do you need any computer 22:52.310 --> 22:53.050 scientists here? 22:53.250 --> 22:56.390 There are power engineers who say, please make sure that no 22:56.390 --> 22:59.430 informatics people enter that field, because they will mess up 22:59.430 --> 22:59.850 everything. 23:00.730 --> 23:04.490 So we have to show that actually we can enter that field and provide 23:04.490 --> 23:11.470 relevant contributions, such that the challenges of all those 23:11.470 --> 23:15.550 transformations that are going on can be coped with. 23:16.290 --> 23:19.110 I will tell you something about the principles of the power 23:19.110 --> 23:21.250 distribution network, something about market structures. 23:21.390 --> 23:23.850 Very little about market structures, because that's really not my 23:23.850 --> 23:24.090 topic. 23:25.310 --> 23:29.530 But a little bit you have to know as a background for this course. 23:29.810 --> 23:34.410 Then something on balancing zones, like how we can actually have... 23:34.410 --> 23:40.950 or how the typical stabilization of the network currently is going on, 23:40.950 --> 23:47.790 that has to do with balancing groups with primary, secondary, tertiary 23:47.790 --> 23:49.510 balancing power or control power. 23:50.030 --> 23:53.270 Then we will talk about self-organizing balancing power and approach 23:53.270 --> 23:54.870 that has been designed in our group. 23:55.290 --> 23:57.970 Smart home and energy management, smart metering, smart media 23:57.970 --> 24:01.330 security, electric mobility, storage integration, and a summary. 24:02.070 --> 24:05.790 And that's quite a program, and I hope to be able to cover that in the 24:05.790 --> 24:08.610 six afternoons that we will be together. 24:10.110 --> 24:12.770 That's the contents that we will have here. 24:13.110 --> 24:17.970 As I said, we will be able to visit the KIT Energy Smart Home Lab and 24:17.970 --> 24:18.910 the House of Living Labs. 24:19.070 --> 24:24.870 There are also open days, like end of June, there is the open house 24:24.870 --> 24:28.370 here at KIT, where the Energy Smart Home Lab will be open, so you have 24:28.370 --> 24:31.510 a chance to visit that anyway there, but together with many other 24:31.510 --> 24:32.270 people who will come. 24:32.270 --> 24:35.610 And the House of Living Labs usually has a student day where you can 24:35.610 --> 24:40.630 also go and get information, but I will also offer you the exclusive 24:40.630 --> 24:44.190 possibility to just have a brief visit there. 24:44.290 --> 24:45.530 We will talk about that later on. 24:46.430 --> 24:52.650 There will be an exam, a final exam at the end of this term, based on 24:52.650 --> 24:54.690 the material that I am presenting to you in class. 24:54.690 --> 24:59.970 Then I certainly also recommend to you further material. 25:00.470 --> 25:04.390 I will give you links to other topics, but this will not be part of 25:04.390 --> 25:10.210 the exam, so I think I have sufficient content that I can ask you 25:10.210 --> 25:10.610 about. 25:11.190 --> 25:16.490 The conditions of the exam will be set according to the general rules 25:16.490 --> 25:20.170 of this program of study, so definitely written or oral. 25:20.750 --> 25:24.330 I guess it will be written, looking at the number of students that are 25:24.330 --> 25:24.810 here now. 25:25.290 --> 25:29.170 I know that usually there are a few more students which look at the 25:29.170 --> 25:36.530 course just on the recorded lectures, and so I assume that it's more 25:36.530 --> 25:41.710 than I can take in an oral exam, but this will be ultimately decided 25:41.710 --> 25:47.630 only after I see the number of registrations for this final exam, 25:47.790 --> 25:50.110 which will happen at the beginning of July. 25:50.270 --> 25:54.230 So until the end of June, you will have to be able to register for the 25:54.230 --> 25:57.530 exam, and then I see whether it will be a written or oral, but I 25:57.530 --> 25:59.130 assume that it will be a written exam. 25:59.610 --> 26:04.270 And then the exam date will be on one of the days between July 20 and 26:04.270 --> 26:09.330 July 22, so that's Monday to Wednesday in the week after the end of 26:09.330 --> 26:11.170 lectures of this summer term. 26:12.370 --> 26:13.530 Who is the target group? 26:13.990 --> 26:18.970 So there is the master program Energy Technology, the kick in energy. 26:19.230 --> 26:22.570 Who is present here from that program? 26:23.350 --> 26:23.990 Just a few. 26:26.090 --> 26:30.050 Initially, the first time I offered this course was exclusively for 26:30.050 --> 26:35.210 that group of students, so for only students from that class there, I 26:35.210 --> 26:38.410 don't know how many students currently are in that program, but it's 26:38.410 --> 26:39.210 good that you are here. 26:40.130 --> 26:42.770 Then there's the master program Industrial Engineering and Management, 26:42.950 --> 26:44.270 which is Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen. 26:44.870 --> 26:46.810 I guess that several of that program are here. 26:46.910 --> 26:48.570 Who is from that program? 26:49.050 --> 26:49.770 Most of you. 26:50.310 --> 26:52.270 Then who is from a different program? 26:53.290 --> 26:54.070 From which program? 26:56.610 --> 26:57.690 Energy Technik. 26:57.830 --> 27:02.890 Yes, so that's the equivalent to Energy Technology and Tech. 27:04.110 --> 27:06.870 So welcome to this course. 27:08.410 --> 27:11.610 So we'll see what we make out of that. 27:11.930 --> 27:14.690 And certainly I'm glad to get your feedback. 27:15.030 --> 27:19.030 As always, you will have a chance to provide the typical feedback on 27:19.030 --> 27:23.730 the evaluation sheets that you will get the evaluation forms sometime 27:23.730 --> 27:25.630 later on in this course. 27:26.190 --> 27:30.770 But in addition to that, you are welcome to send me messages or tell 27:30.770 --> 27:35.910 me directly in which way you would suggest to change this course or 27:35.910 --> 27:41.410 have it made a little bit direct or maybe change the topics or type of 27:41.410 --> 27:41.870 presentation. 27:41.870 --> 27:50.950 I should remark that in winter semester or starting in winter semester 27:50.950 --> 28:06.370 2015 -16 there will be a new course on Energieinformatik or Energy 28:06.370 --> 28:12.310 Informatics This is taught by my new colleague, Veit Hagenmayer. 28:12.450 --> 28:17.850 He is the Chair of Energy Informatics, located in the Institute for 28:17.850 --> 28:19.930 Applied Computer Science. 28:20.750 --> 28:25.930 He is actually located in the Faculty of Informatics, and so he is 28:25.930 --> 28:31.410 teaching the course Energy Informatics, starting the coming winter 28:31.410 --> 28:31.850 term. 28:31.850 --> 28:37.530 But I will continue to present this course on smart energy 28:37.530 --> 28:42.090 distribution, because it's for a different group of students, and I'm 28:42.090 --> 28:43.050 teaching it in English. 28:43.250 --> 28:48.910 He is teaching it in Informatics, which will also have some slightly 28:48.910 --> 28:51.590 different orientation. 28:52.390 --> 28:55.230 He is teaching that mainly for students of Informatics. 28:55.390 --> 28:58.090 I assume that there is no student of Informatics in this room? 28:58.930 --> 29:02.810 Not so, you see, it's a different target group. 29:03.310 --> 29:08.650 Okay, that's organizational things as the first or zeroth chapter of 29:08.650 --> 29:09.190 this course. 29:09.530 --> 29:11.350 Any questions with respect to the organization? 29:13.230 --> 29:14.350 No questions? 29:14.710 --> 29:22.870 Okay, then let's go to the next chapter, the first real chapter that 29:22.870 --> 29:24.630 we are looking at. 29:25.460 --> 29:31.110 I would like to tell you something about motivation and need for 29:31.110 --> 29:37.530 information and communication technologies in an area that up to a few 29:37.530 --> 29:43.270 years ago was an area which was almost completely and perfectly 29:43.270 --> 29:47.930 covered by people from power engineering, to some extent from 29:47.930 --> 29:52.870 mechanical engineering, to some extent by people from energy 29:52.870 --> 29:53.310 economics. 29:53.310 --> 29:56.630 And all of a sudden we claim that that is not sufficient anymore. 29:57.390 --> 30:02.190 And certainly this is something which is happening sometimes, but it's 30:02.190 --> 30:06.370 always a difficult development, because all of a sudden people enter a 30:06.370 --> 30:08.710 field where they actually don't have the background. 30:09.050 --> 30:11.990 They have to enter a new field, have to learn something about this 30:11.990 --> 30:16.170 area, and they have to show what kind of contributions they can make 30:16.170 --> 30:21.090 in order to cope with the problems that somehow have arisen there that 30:21.090 --> 30:26.390 were not treated adequately or cannot be treated adequately based on 30:26.390 --> 30:30.550 the competences that are available in the traditional areas that are 30:30.550 --> 30:33.130 related to energy systems. 30:33.990 --> 30:37.410 And so let me tell you a little bit, just a few things around that, 30:37.490 --> 30:41.570 and I will start with something which you say, oh, I have heard that 30:41.570 --> 30:42.490 so many times. 30:42.490 --> 30:47.430 But nevertheless, I will have to address that just to show you the 30:47.430 --> 30:51.370 motivation and the background, what kind of challenges arise from 30:51.370 --> 30:58.430 certain changes in the overall scenario, such that we need ICT all of 30:58.430 --> 30:58.730 a sudden. 30:59.250 --> 31:05.850 So the first thing that happened, or initial milestone, was that in 31:05.850 --> 31:12.470 2007, the European leaders came up with new strategic program for 31:12.470 --> 31:15.710 development of energy technology. 31:15.970 --> 31:22.530 So the strategic energy technology plan came up with certain targets, 31:22.770 --> 31:25.830 which were abbreviated as 20-20-20. 31:26.310 --> 31:29.610 You know that politicians always need simple messages. 31:29.610 --> 31:35.390 They just don't like to have to explain something which is very 31:35.390 --> 31:38.690 complicated, because they assume that those who are listening are not 31:38.690 --> 31:41.610 capable to actually remember complex messages. 31:42.230 --> 31:47.070 So you need simple messages, and 20-20-20 is simple enough. 31:47.730 --> 31:49.730 So what is it about? 31:50.030 --> 31:55.610 It has to do with the year 2020, that was in 2007, and they said that 31:55.610 --> 32:00.510 they would like to get a 20% reduction of EU greenhouse gas emissions. 32:00.710 --> 32:01.590 That's one thing. 32:01.970 --> 32:10.510 Reduction compared to 1990. 32:11.210 --> 32:12.950 A reduction compared to that. 32:12.990 --> 32:14.550 That's the base year at that time. 32:14.550 --> 32:21.830 Then 20% share of renewables of overall EU energy consumption, and a 32:21.830 --> 32:23.930 20 % increase in energy efficiency. 32:24.650 --> 32:28.030 So increase in energy efficiency means a decrease in energy 32:28.030 --> 32:33.350 consumption, all relative to 1990. 32:36.310 --> 32:42.530 So this is a goal which at that time was very ambitious, and in 32:42.530 --> 32:47.370 Germany at that time people were more ambitious, and a few years later 32:47.370 --> 32:50.890 in particular, the government had to make some statements about their 32:50.890 --> 32:52.710 long -range strategy. 32:53.590 --> 32:57.490 And you know that all these strategies have to do with the problem 32:57.490 --> 33:01.770 that everybody saw, that we have a problem with our climate change, we 33:01.770 --> 33:06.230 have to reduce carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions, and so 33:06.230 --> 33:08.510 people tried to do something. 33:09.170 --> 33:13.850 And in the fall of 2010, maybe you remember, that was the year when 33:13.850 --> 33:17.950 the government at that time said, we would like to prolong the runtime 33:17.950 --> 33:19.410 of nuclear power plants. 33:20.090 --> 33:24.570 And a very important goal they had, because before there had been a 33:24.570 --> 33:28.670 government which said the opposite, we would like to restrict the 33:28.670 --> 33:33.450 runtime of power plants, so they said we have to prolong it, but not 33:33.450 --> 33:37.890 because we don't want this transformation to renewables anymore, but 33:37.890 --> 33:42.250 we need more time, they said, in order to actually be capable to 33:42.250 --> 33:49.010 perform that transition in a realistic and very systematic way, and 33:49.010 --> 33:54.550 prolonging the runtime of nuclear power plants will give us this time 33:54.550 --> 33:56.490 that we need to develop all the technologies. 33:57.290 --> 33:59.030 That wasn't for 2010. 33:59.630 --> 34:04.070 And they said, we are still more ambitious than what we said in 2007 34:04.070 --> 34:08.830 in accordance or in agreement with the other European leaders, we want 34:08.830 --> 34:14.510 30 % renewables by 2020 already, and now I have a problem that my 34:14.510 --> 34:20.690 battery is low on power, so I need some prolongation cable, because my 34:20.690 --> 34:26.670 power supply is not sufficiently long to get attached to that plug in 34:26.670 --> 34:26.990 the... 34:27.350 --> 34:28.870 or that power outlet there. 34:30.390 --> 34:31.610 But it's closed. 34:32.430 --> 34:33.770 There are screws on it. 34:34.390 --> 34:34.950 They're closed. 34:35.310 --> 34:39.090 There's a power outlet over there, but my cable is not sufficiently 34:39.090 --> 34:40.270 long for that. 34:40.270 --> 34:42.050 That's what I assume. 34:42.310 --> 34:47.270 I can... no, it would not... I can try to go further over there, but 34:47.270 --> 34:48.730 Sebastian Kochenegg is already running. 34:49.750 --> 34:53.790 So... but I think I should... maybe I should just walk closer over 34:53.790 --> 34:55.750 here, then you can still see that. 34:56.470 --> 34:58.070 And then it might work. 34:59.450 --> 34:59.770 Oops. 35:04.210 --> 35:06.810 Let's see whether that is sufficient. 35:07.670 --> 35:08.610 Not quite. 35:12.040 --> 35:14.800 Now it is sufficient. 35:14.900 --> 35:17.340 Can you still see the presentation? 35:17.820 --> 35:19.960 Okay, that's perfect, so we can continue. 35:20.660 --> 35:28.140 And now I embarrass him that he had to get the cable, and I have 35:28.140 --> 35:29.560 already solved the problem. 35:29.560 --> 35:35.760 Okay, so we were talking about fall 2010, and so we have these 35:35.760 --> 35:46.520 ambitious goals, 50% renewables by 2030, 80% by 2050, and so everybody 35:46.520 --> 35:50.660 was satisfied that we would still have that goal. 35:51.220 --> 35:56.020 And then you remember that in 2011 we had this catastrophic event at 35:56.020 --> 35:59.940 Fukushima, and the government decided exactly the opposite. 36:00.580 --> 36:04.420 They said now they want to have this so-called Energiewende, where all 36:04.420 --> 36:08.120 of a sudden they decide to have a highly accelerated replacement of 36:08.120 --> 36:09.840 nuclear power plants with renewables. 36:10.640 --> 36:14.700 You see that I already solved the problem by moving the notebook 36:14.700 --> 36:15.760 closer to that. 36:16.260 --> 36:21.820 Sorry for sending you off, and thank you for getting some more power. 36:21.820 --> 36:28.760 Okay, so this is the Energiewende. 36:29.140 --> 36:32.640 What does it mean to have a replacement of nuclear power plants in 36:32.640 --> 36:32.920 Germany? 36:33.440 --> 36:38.780 So in 2010, the power that was generated by nuclear power plants in 36:38.780 --> 36:43.660 Germany was 140 terawatt hours, 22% of the total power generation in 36:43.660 --> 36:43.940 Germany. 36:44.840 --> 36:46.640 That's what we have to replace. 36:47.540 --> 36:55.540 Now in 2012, it was already reduced, because several nuclear power 36:55.540 --> 36:58.120 plants actually had to be switched off. 36:58.620 --> 37:04.420 Nowadays we have something like between 5 and 10 gigawatt steady power 37:04.420 --> 37:09.560 generation from nuclear power plants every day, and so that's now 37:09.560 --> 37:11.240 around 90 terawatt hours. 37:11.240 --> 37:15.540 And now, so already reduced from the 140 there. 37:16.100 --> 37:20.800 And in 2022, or by the year 2022, we would like to reduce that to 37:20.800 --> 37:21.100 zero. 37:21.920 --> 37:26.680 So a problem that we see there is we have to be able to close that 37:26.680 --> 37:28.580 gap, if there is a gap at all. 37:29.480 --> 37:34.380 So we need to replace the amount of energy that has been generated by 37:34.380 --> 37:38.180 nuclear power plants with something else, if there is the need for it. 37:38.960 --> 37:44.400 So you see that we had here this plan of 20% increase in energy 37:44.400 --> 37:47.820 efficiency, where the plan is much more ambitious in Germany. 37:48.380 --> 37:52.980 So if we reduce the power demand significantly, we don't need that 37:52.980 --> 37:57.980 much power, and maybe the need is not 140 terawatt hours, but less 37:57.980 --> 37:58.500 than that. 37:58.500 --> 38:04.340 But this would be the simplest version of the challenges that we have 38:04.340 --> 38:07.560 to cope with, just to replace a certain amount of energy. 38:09.160 --> 38:14.500 And now I would like to address also another aspect. 38:15.080 --> 38:19.160 There is the term in a givende, has many associations. 38:19.160 --> 38:24.560 And I'm a sailor, and for a sailor there is one association which says 38:24.560 --> 38:29.920 that, well, wenden means tacking with a sailing boat. 38:30.020 --> 38:35.020 So tacking means you are sailing and you have a certain goal. 38:35.160 --> 38:39.580 The goal is here, somewhere, and you would like to get there. 38:39.700 --> 38:45.280 The straight direction would be this way from, let's say, south to 38:45.280 --> 38:45.560 north. 38:45.560 --> 38:47.920 Now the wind is blowing against you. 38:48.180 --> 38:49.440 No problem for a sailor. 38:49.960 --> 38:55.660 A sailor can tack, and that means that the sailor has a certain goal 38:55.660 --> 39:01.880 in mind, and then he can slightly go into different directions, but 39:01.880 --> 39:06.040 change direction several times, and still has that goal in mind. 39:06.160 --> 39:09.380 So you have a change in direction here, you have another one there, 39:10.300 --> 39:14.900 but still you are getting closer to your initial goal. 39:15.760 --> 39:17.960 And in this way you can see the in a givende. 39:18.540 --> 39:23.560 As one of the many decisions that we have to take on the path towards 39:23.560 --> 39:25.560 the goal that we ultimately have. 39:26.000 --> 39:31.260 And you can be sure there will be more changes of directions on our 39:31.260 --> 39:34.840 path to what we have as a goal for the year 2050. 39:34.840 --> 39:39.340 But the main point is that we do not turn around. 39:40.120 --> 39:44.360 Some people say that in a givende has something to do with a 39:44.360 --> 39:44.820 turnaround. 39:45.720 --> 39:50.380 A turnaround would be forgetting your previous goals and doing 39:50.380 --> 39:51.600 something completely different. 39:52.410 --> 40:00.420 We still have the goal, and this was there at least until the year 40:00.420 --> 40:09.020 2007, to get rid of fossil fuels and also of nuclear power, and to go 40:09.020 --> 40:16.580 almost completely to renewable sources for energy. 40:16.580 --> 40:22.260 That's our ultimate goal, because that would significantly reduce our 40:22.260 --> 40:27.400 dependency on fossil fuels, which are limited, whereas the renewable 40:27.400 --> 40:29.900 energy by its name is not limited. 40:30.140 --> 40:35.900 That's a continuous resource that we will be able to exploit 40:35.900 --> 40:37.300 indefinitely. 40:37.980 --> 40:41.740 And so this would be the ultimate goal that we certainly have to go 40:41.740 --> 40:42.020 for. 40:43.740 --> 40:50.060 Energiewende is not turning around 180 degrees, although we actually 40:50.060 --> 40:54.980 got awarded a prize in the competition Energiewende 180 Grad. 40:55.940 --> 40:57.360 So 180 degrees. 40:57.620 --> 41:00.980 So this is in some way a little bit contradictory. 41:00.980 --> 41:07.580 So we did not reject that prize, but we certainly know that we are at 41:07.580 --> 41:16.240 most making a turn by maybe 90 or 110 degrees or something like that, 41:16.320 --> 41:17.160 but not more. 41:17.780 --> 41:21.420 Just meaning we will always keep that goal in mind. 41:21.420 --> 41:28.780 And just to come back to this sailing thing, if you do a tack not 41:28.780 --> 41:32.240 properly, disasters can happen, as you can see here in sailing. 41:32.520 --> 41:36.840 You just see that tack is not carried out properly. 41:37.480 --> 41:42.280 And there's one more point, something like this can happen when you 41:42.280 --> 41:42.800 are sailing. 41:43.760 --> 41:48.520 If you don't observe certain rules that are around tacking, the first 41:48.520 --> 41:51.900 thing you do when you want to perform a tack is that you say, ready 41:51.900 --> 41:57.220 for a tack, not for a tack, but for a tack, for a wende. 41:58.360 --> 42:04.440 And you only perform that maneuver if everybody answers, I'm ready. 42:04.440 --> 42:12.280 Nobody asked the question, are you ready for the energiewende before 42:12.280 --> 42:13.460 they did the energiewende. 42:14.560 --> 42:16.980 So this is also interesting. 42:17.660 --> 42:21.780 Sometimes maybe it's essential that you do something even without 42:21.780 --> 42:26.620 having asked everybody, but then certainly some people might get lost. 42:27.600 --> 42:30.920 But if too many get lost, then you really run into problems. 42:31.680 --> 42:38.320 So this is just a little bit talking about things that are not really 42:38.320 --> 42:41.940 related to energy systems, but are related to what we are doing 42:41.940 --> 42:51.360 currently in the way we try to perform that energy transition, a 42:51.360 --> 42:56.360 transition from one type of system to a new type of system. 42:56.360 --> 43:00.320 So energy transition is the adequate translation of energiewende, 43:00.660 --> 43:03.740 although we don't have to translate that word anymore, because 43:03.740 --> 43:06.680 energiewende, meanwhile, is also a word in English and French. 43:09.540 --> 43:12.680 So what are the real problems we have to address? 43:13.020 --> 43:18.060 So the simple problem, as I said, is replace the amount of energy that 43:18.060 --> 43:22.340 so far was generated by nuclear power plants with energy from 43:22.340 --> 43:22.980 renewables. 43:22.980 --> 43:25.160 But this is just a very simple problem. 43:26.020 --> 43:30.560 Much more difficult is to cope with the fluctuations that are there 43:30.560 --> 43:35.940 just because of the characteristics of this transition to renewables. 43:36.260 --> 43:39.860 The first thing that is indicated on this slide is that we have to 43:39.860 --> 43:41.440 deal with fluctuations. 43:42.300 --> 43:44.080 Fluctuations in demand and supply. 43:44.240 --> 43:49.020 Now, fluctuations in demand, indicated here in red, are something 43:49.020 --> 43:51.140 which we have known for a long time. 43:51.140 --> 43:55.480 This is nothing which any power engineer is afraid of, because they 43:55.480 --> 43:56.320 can deal with that. 43:57.020 --> 44:00.560 So this is fluctuations in demand, which are very predictable. 44:01.280 --> 44:04.420 Here, what you see is two weeks in May 2010. 44:04.620 --> 44:09.020 I could give you a similar picture for two weeks in April 2015. 44:09.300 --> 44:10.960 They wouldn't look very different. 44:11.780 --> 44:16.800 So we have peaks always around noon and in the evening. 44:18.240 --> 44:20.820 So this is the typical pattern. 44:22.080 --> 44:26.260 And there are some days where you have higher energy consumption, some 44:26.260 --> 44:27.880 days where you have lower energy consumption. 44:28.780 --> 44:31.740 So here you have a weekend. 44:32.140 --> 44:33.980 There probably was also a weekend. 44:34.800 --> 44:36.720 And so you have lower energy consumption. 44:37.240 --> 44:40.860 And then you have these fluctuations on different scales. 44:41.020 --> 44:42.560 We have fluctuations within a day. 44:43.240 --> 44:45.360 So very short, very small scale. 44:45.360 --> 44:50.570 You have variations like night and day variations. 44:51.280 --> 44:52.440 And you have weekly variations. 44:52.620 --> 44:55.540 You will also see seasonal variations in that. 44:56.080 --> 44:57.640 But people know how to deal with that. 44:58.300 --> 45:03.540 And now we have the energy generation, or power generation, indicated 45:03.540 --> 45:09.280 here in yellow for wind and blue for photovoltaic. 45:09.280 --> 45:14.660 The association with colors on this slide is different from the colors 45:14.660 --> 45:18.540 that I will use on the other slides and on the following slides. 45:18.740 --> 45:21.700 But you can see the effects here. 45:22.000 --> 45:24.980 The yellow line here has to do with wind. 45:25.600 --> 45:29.540 And what you see there immediately is that there have been, like in 45:29.540 --> 45:34.580 May 2010, and you can see that very often during the year, that there 45:34.580 --> 45:37.320 may be several days where you have almost no wind. 45:37.320 --> 45:43.980 Having almost no wind means that almost no or none of those wind power 45:43.980 --> 45:45.680 plants can generate power. 45:46.420 --> 45:49.880 And so what are you doing in times of a dead calm? 45:51.340 --> 45:52.340 That's a problem. 45:53.200 --> 45:56.920 Now during the day, you always have, like here in May, the sun was 45:56.920 --> 45:57.280 shining. 45:57.760 --> 46:01.520 And you see that you always have these peaks during the day of power 46:01.520 --> 46:05.760 generation from photovoltaic panels, even on some days more than on 46:05.760 --> 46:06.120 others. 46:06.120 --> 46:12.480 And then there are days where we have power generation from PV and 46:12.480 --> 46:13.780 also from wind. 46:13.940 --> 46:19.960 Here we actually had strong wind, in particular on a day where the 46:19.960 --> 46:22.140 power demand was quite low. 46:23.000 --> 46:27.600 Now situations like that are happening more and more, that you have 46:27.600 --> 46:32.520 not that much demand on some days, in particular on weekends and on 46:32.520 --> 46:33.800 some specific holidays. 46:34.800 --> 46:41.300 And you have strong wind, a lot of sun, people rejoice about a lot of 46:41.300 --> 46:41.600 sun. 46:43.520 --> 46:47.560 And some people also rejoice about that situation, are very glad about 46:47.560 --> 46:52.280 that, because that leads to negative prices on the energy markets, on 46:52.280 --> 46:53.480 the spot market. 46:54.060 --> 46:59.940 And so you might be paid as an owner, for example, of a pumped hydro 46:59.940 --> 47:05.280 storage facility in Austria, you are paid for pumping your water 47:05.280 --> 47:10.380 uphill into your water tanks, and later on, when the price goes 47:10.380 --> 47:15.160 positive again, you get paid again for providing power. 47:15.640 --> 47:18.060 And so you are paid all the time, regardless of what you do, whether 47:18.060 --> 47:21.740 you're pumping water uphill or letting it flow downhill, that's a 47:21.740 --> 47:22.580 perfect money machine. 47:23.440 --> 47:27.120 But we certainly are not that glad about that, because we don't want 47:27.120 --> 47:30.540 to pay the Austrians for pumping our water uphill and letting it flow 47:30.540 --> 47:31.040 down again. 47:31.040 --> 47:34.980 And so, this is something we have to deal with in some way. 47:35.700 --> 47:40.380 It looks like we have to be able to somehow move the power from there 47:40.380 --> 47:44.280 to there, but that's over several days, and that's definitely a 47:44.280 --> 47:45.920 problem, we need storage for that. 47:46.540 --> 47:49.220 So, we have variations at different timescales. 47:49.960 --> 47:54.180 The problem is that they are only partially predictable, the load is 47:54.180 --> 47:58.540 more or less predictable, power generation from photovoltaics is also 47:58.540 --> 48:03.260 more or less predictable, also from wind is more or less predictable 48:03.260 --> 48:08.440 on a larger scale, but if you look at the local scale, it's very hard 48:08.440 --> 48:10.360 to predict with a high accuracy. 48:11.300 --> 48:14.500 And so these are problems, how can we actually deal with those 48:14.500 --> 48:15.020 fluctuations? 48:15.020 --> 48:23.000 So, in some way, if we can no longer control the way we generate 48:23.000 --> 48:30.080 power, which we could in times of just using fossil fuels, having coal 48:30.080 --> 48:34.980 power plants and gas power plants and nuclear power plants, all of a 48:34.980 --> 48:38.280 sudden we might need something like demand and supply management. 48:39.150 --> 48:42.680 And if we talk about management, we talk about information systems, 48:42.740 --> 48:45.700 about communication and things like that, that's an area where 48:45.700 --> 48:51.300 probably we will need some ICT or informatics components. 48:52.220 --> 48:57.240 The problem how to compensate for a dead calm is really a problem, and 48:57.240 --> 49:01.860 in particular look at wintertime where you might have snow. 49:01.860 --> 49:08.560 If snow is falling and you have a very nice winter day, no wind, snow 49:08.560 --> 49:14.300 has fallen, even the sun may be shining, and it's a perfect day, but 49:14.300 --> 49:19.260 there's no power generation, no wind, all the PV cells covered with 49:19.260 --> 49:22.020 snow, how do you get power? 49:22.620 --> 49:23.400 That's a problem. 49:23.780 --> 49:27.640 So, I as a computer scientist cannot solve that problem. 49:28.840 --> 49:33.700 So, software information processing does not help to take away the 49:33.700 --> 49:35.540 snow from PV cell. 49:36.700 --> 49:42.140 Maybe we can let the wind power plants turn the rotors around, but 49:42.140 --> 49:45.740 that would not generate power, but use power if we do that, by 49:45.740 --> 49:48.160 switching them on in some way, but that's not a solution. 49:48.600 --> 49:50.700 So, we have to deal with fluctuations. 49:51.260 --> 49:57.620 This is one of the major challenges to do that, and this is asking 49:57.620 --> 50:03.380 something which has not been addressed in the past in that way. 50:03.960 --> 50:08.320 Let me just show you a few slides on typical power generation, how it 50:08.320 --> 50:09.280 looks like nowadays. 50:09.600 --> 50:14.440 So, this is just some graph showing power generation on just two 50:14.440 --> 50:15.220 sample days. 50:16.080 --> 50:22.900 Sometimes I update these diagrams to show you current situations, but 50:22.900 --> 50:24.100 they look similar. 50:24.900 --> 50:29.660 So, what we have currently is a picture where we have quite some 50:29.660 --> 50:33.600 stable generation from nuclear power plants, as I said, around 10 50:33.600 --> 50:34.220 gigawatt. 50:34.820 --> 50:39.180 Then we have quite a bit power generation from coal, that's lignite 50:39.180 --> 50:40.260 and coal. 50:41.520 --> 50:49.460 And then we have others like biogas plants, we have wind, we have PV. 50:49.660 --> 50:53.780 And here what you see is some changing amount, like the blue line here 50:53.780 --> 50:56.720 is wind, the yellow line here is PV. 50:57.240 --> 51:02.700 So, two days where we have quite a bit of power generation from solar 51:02.700 --> 51:03.400 panels. 51:03.400 --> 51:09.080 So, you see here something from 38 to almost 60, that's 22 gigawatt, 51:10.020 --> 51:13.620 twice as much as at that point in time we had for nuclear power 51:13.620 --> 51:14.140 plants. 51:14.680 --> 51:18.820 So, this is significant, but certainly only the peak generation. 51:19.500 --> 51:25.260 And nothing from power plants during the night, but since the major 51:25.260 --> 51:30.520 power demand comes during the day, this looks not that bad if we have 51:30.520 --> 51:31.680 something like that. 51:31.680 --> 51:35.760 But it just shows that's the typical pattern of power generation that 51:35.760 --> 51:36.780 we see in the moment. 51:37.740 --> 51:41.860 And then we have these changes that on some days we have another 51:41.860 --> 51:46.560 diagram that you can also look at. 51:47.420 --> 51:55.180 This is like showing here the power generation on the 27th of June, 51:55.260 --> 52:00.600 that was in 2011, and in January 2012. 52:01.520 --> 52:07.980 You can easily pick those days also from 2014 and 2015, where you have 52:07.980 --> 52:11.280 a day with a lot of sun and almost no wind. 52:11.280 --> 52:16.100 Wind here is green and PV is yellow. 52:17.240 --> 52:25.100 So, here on that day there was a 12 gigawatt peak from PV and 2 52:25.100 --> 52:27.880 gigawatt from wind. 52:28.820 --> 52:35.080 And actually nuclear power at that day was 10.3 gigawatt. 52:36.060 --> 52:41.920 In January there was just very little from PV, 1.8 there, a little 52:41.920 --> 52:48.000 bit, the top hours for that, 22 gigawatt from wind, quite a bit. 52:48.820 --> 52:53.320 And for some reasons, some more of the nuclear power plants had been 52:53.320 --> 52:56.840 switched off, only 5.7 gigawatt steady. 52:57.620 --> 53:02.220 So, very different situations, the power generation situation is 53:02.220 --> 53:02.560 different. 53:02.840 --> 53:08.280 And this is something you cannot plan for months or years ahead what 53:08.280 --> 53:14.480 you can do with standard power plants in the typical way a utility 53:14.480 --> 53:15.340 would operate. 53:15.960 --> 53:21.200 The power plant providers or operators, they usually have quite a long 53:21.200 --> 53:25.300 plan for how to use their power plants, and they can do that. 53:25.300 --> 53:31.900 So, usually in a very stable way, there is nothing you can plan for 53:31.900 --> 53:35.260 power generation from wind or PV cells. 53:36.300 --> 53:41.120 By the way, this is actually coming from this website which you might 53:41.120 --> 53:45.080 know, like here, Transparency EX. 53:45.640 --> 53:49.980 This is the Transparency in Energy Markets website which actually 53:49.980 --> 53:52.540 changed recently in its appearance. 53:52.540 --> 53:57.360 So, this is actually showing the situation that we have today. 53:58.060 --> 54:02.280 So, not up to the current hour, but 11 to 12 o'clock. 54:02.680 --> 54:09.840 Today, we have 11.7 gigawatt from PV cells, 7 gigawatt from wind, and 54:09.840 --> 54:13.240 42.6 gigawatt from other sources. 54:13.960 --> 54:19.120 So, this is interesting to look at now, and you can select the day 54:19.120 --> 54:20.340 that you actually want to look at. 54:20.340 --> 54:27.620 And what I showed you, or that was taken from that website, or from 54:27.620 --> 54:33.860 the previous version, where it was shown in a slightly different way, 54:33.940 --> 54:35.280 but that doesn't matter really. 54:35.960 --> 54:40.400 So, here you see significant changes in the amount of energy you get 54:40.400 --> 54:42.380 either from PV or from wind. 54:42.380 --> 54:46.560 And then there is this other problem, also from that website. 54:47.240 --> 54:52.720 You get information on what actually has been planned, or I would say, 54:52.920 --> 54:57.680 like on that website they say that is the planned production, but 54:57.680 --> 55:02.220 essentially one would say not planned, but it is actually the 55:02.220 --> 55:09.160 predicted production of power from all kinds of sources. 55:09.160 --> 55:13.040 So, in particular also from wind and PV cells. 55:13.580 --> 55:19.340 So, the predicted power generation for that day, for a day almost 55:19.340 --> 55:28.080 exactly two years ago, was that the predicted power generation was 17 55:28.080 --> 55:37.900 .3 gigawatt peak from photovoltaics and 5.9 gigawatt peak from wind. 55:40.380 --> 55:44.240 Since it is fluctuating, I only refer here to the peak, you certainly 55:44.240 --> 55:49.700 could also refer to the mean value, or the median, or whatever you 55:49.700 --> 55:50.000 like. 55:50.840 --> 55:56.340 But what you see is that the actual production during that day was 55:56.340 --> 55:57.180 slightly different. 55:57.200 --> 55:59.900 It doesn't look that much different, but you see that it has a 55:59.900 --> 56:00.540 different shape. 56:00.620 --> 56:08.020 In particular, the actual power generation from PV was 23 gigawatt in 56:08.020 --> 56:12.580 the peak, and the actual generation from wind was 6.4 gigawatt. 56:12.580 --> 56:18.920 And it shows that you have around 7 gigawatt more power generation 56:18.920 --> 56:20.500 than you had predicted. 56:20.960 --> 56:23.100 And this prediction was done the day before. 56:24.200 --> 56:28.740 So, this shows that from one day to the next, you have a change that 56:28.740 --> 56:32.820 you have to cope with that is equivalent to whether you have five 56:32.820 --> 56:34.380 nuclear power plants or not. 56:35.780 --> 56:38.820 That's what five nuclear power plants can provide. 56:40.000 --> 56:41.200 This is quite significant. 56:42.280 --> 56:44.720 This is happening from one day to the next. 56:44.880 --> 56:50.660 You don't know exactly whether you need them or not, but you have to 56:50.660 --> 56:51.160 cope with that. 56:51.240 --> 56:54.100 You have to make sure that the demand is actually satisfied. 56:56.520 --> 56:59.460 And it's like I said, that's from one day to the next. 57:00.140 --> 57:08.060 Actually, if you look at the intraday predictions within a day for the 57:08.060 --> 57:11.940 next hour or something, you might have changes in power generation 57:11.940 --> 57:13.740 which are quite dramatic. 57:14.680 --> 57:19.460 Assume that you have an area and you have a lot of PV cells and there 57:19.460 --> 57:20.880 are clouds on the sky. 57:20.880 --> 57:24.380 And certainly, the clouds are moving over the area. 57:24.620 --> 57:28.940 And so, from one point to the next, you all of a sudden have no power 57:28.940 --> 57:32.400 generation or almost no power generation or at least heavily reduced 57:32.400 --> 57:34.080 power generation from PV. 57:34.320 --> 57:37.480 And then it's increasing again because the cloud is moving away. 57:38.600 --> 57:40.260 And you have to cope with those changes. 57:40.360 --> 57:44.660 Certainly, on a larger area, this cloud is moving only partially over 57:44.660 --> 57:45.140 that area. 57:45.260 --> 57:47.420 And so, it is some smoothing effect. 57:47.840 --> 57:49.540 But nevertheless, you have these changes. 57:49.540 --> 57:53.360 And if you just look at the PV cells on your rooftop, on a single 57:53.360 --> 57:57.900 house, and you would like to predict what kind of power generation you 57:57.900 --> 58:02.680 have from your rooftop, there you have all kinds of drastic changes. 58:03.500 --> 58:08.280 And in some way, if you, for example, try to get autarkic, independent 58:08.280 --> 58:11.360 of the power system, just depend on your power generation from the 58:11.360 --> 58:16.600 rooftop, you would have to develop quite a bit of flexibility to cope 58:16.600 --> 58:17.000 with that. 58:18.220 --> 58:23.460 So, very strange changes that we have to actually deal with. 58:24.620 --> 58:28.060 So, the question is how we deal with these deviations between 58:28.060 --> 58:31.380 predicted and actual power generation. 58:32.860 --> 58:37.920 And so, that's with respect to, the first was fluctuations, and now 58:37.920 --> 58:39.320 this is about uncertainty. 58:39.500 --> 58:42.640 We don't know exactly what will be the situation that we have to cope 58:42.640 --> 58:42.880 with. 58:42.880 --> 58:46.860 We know we have to cope with fluctuations, but we don't know exactly 58:46.860 --> 58:48.620 to what extent they actually will occur. 58:49.340 --> 58:53.500 And so, this is something where exact planning does not work, and in 58:53.500 --> 59:00.620 particular, where a stable operation of power plants is no longer 59:00.620 --> 59:01.380 really possible. 59:01.380 --> 59:07.220 You need power plants that can adjust in a very flexible way to these 59:07.220 --> 59:07.640 changes. 59:07.800 --> 59:12.540 Not just power plants, but just the load that you have on the system 59:12.540 --> 59:20.320 has to be able to be adapted in maybe very short timescales. 59:22.040 --> 59:26.980 Now, people have made studies on the energy situation that we will be 59:26.980 --> 59:30.860 confronted with in the future, in particular in the year 2050. 59:31.620 --> 59:36.960 So, the Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems, they made a 59:36.960 --> 59:43.240 study forecast based on the weather data from the year 2007. 59:43.240 --> 59:46.540 And what you see in this picture, the colors are changing all the 59:46.540 --> 59:46.880 time. 59:47.280 --> 59:53.860 So, here in black, you have the power demand, the power usage in black 59:53.860 --> 59:54.680 for every day. 59:54.940 --> 59:56.280 That's for the whole year. 59:57.920 --> 01:00:03.900 Here on the baselines, it's only on renewables, so it's biomass, 01:00:04.580 --> 01:00:07.560 geothermal, water, wind, solar. 01:00:08.940 --> 01:00:14.440 And so here, that's biomass, geothermal, energy, and water. 01:00:14.880 --> 01:00:17.460 And then you have in blue here, you have wind. 01:00:17.800 --> 01:00:19.680 In yellow, you have solar. 01:00:20.740 --> 01:00:22.200 And now, what do you see here? 01:00:22.280 --> 01:00:24.760 You see some white space here, for example. 01:00:25.000 --> 01:00:28.220 Quite a significant amount of white space below the black lines. 01:00:28.220 --> 01:00:33.720 White space below the black lines means that, based on the 01:00:33.720 --> 01:00:39.640 predictions, still taking into account the predicted technology 01:00:39.640 --> 01:00:43.760 developments, there will be days where we don't have sufficient power 01:00:43.760 --> 01:00:44.300 generation. 01:00:44.540 --> 01:00:46.820 White space means there's a deficit in power. 01:00:49.180 --> 01:00:53.760 Yellow space above the lines, or colored spaces above the black lines, 01:00:53.880 --> 01:00:55.360 means there's a surplus of energy. 01:00:55.360 --> 01:00:59.160 So there are quite a few days where, at least based on this 01:00:59.160 --> 01:01:01.900 prediction, we will have a surplus of energy. 01:01:03.300 --> 01:01:09.240 And so we have to find out how we can actually make sure that all the 01:01:09.240 --> 01:01:14.220 time, we will have colored spaces below the black lines. 01:01:14.580 --> 01:01:17.440 And for that, we might have to move the black lines in some way. 01:01:17.440 --> 01:01:19.620 That means reduce the demand at certain times. 01:01:20.000 --> 01:01:21.640 Just switch off the power system. 01:01:21.960 --> 01:01:24.760 Then the problems are solved. 01:01:25.240 --> 01:01:26.900 But that's not the solution we have. 01:01:27.460 --> 01:01:29.820 So in some countries, they do that. 01:01:30.620 --> 01:01:32.080 It's not the solution for Germany. 01:01:33.020 --> 01:01:37.440 There are some scientists who actually, years ago, came up. 01:01:38.660 --> 01:01:39.780 I went to conferences. 01:01:40.140 --> 01:01:43.320 There were workshops in North America, in Canada. 01:01:43.320 --> 01:01:46.340 And we were telling about the Energiewende in Germany. 01:01:46.560 --> 01:01:50.380 There were some people from a certain research institution, not KIT, 01:01:51.180 --> 01:01:57.020 who said, Okay, we are almost done with replacing nuclear power plants 01:01:57.020 --> 01:02:02.040 with renewables, because in the last months, the amount of energy that 01:02:02.040 --> 01:02:07.120 we got from wind and solar power, from PV, was even more than what we 01:02:07.120 --> 01:02:09.760 had from nuclear power plants so far. 01:02:09.760 --> 01:02:14.940 And so we can replace nuclear power with wind and PV cell power. 01:02:15.560 --> 01:02:20.200 And they did not talk at all about the problems of fluctuations. 01:02:21.440 --> 01:02:23.160 And something like that is irresponsible. 01:02:23.780 --> 01:02:26.980 In particular, if you tell that to politicians. 01:02:27.180 --> 01:02:31.580 And I also saw people from that same institute, which are very much in 01:02:31.580 --> 01:02:38.220 favor of solar energy, at a political event where people from the 01:02:38.220 --> 01:02:42.560 ministries, and the minister was there, people from that institution 01:02:42.560 --> 01:02:44.120 said, We are almost done. 01:02:44.660 --> 01:02:49.580 We have sufficient generation from wind and photovoltaic systems, and 01:02:49.580 --> 01:02:53.160 so we can, with no problems, replace nuclear power. 01:02:54.100 --> 01:02:59.600 And they completely ignored the problem in their presentation about 01:02:59.600 --> 01:03:02.060 all these fluctuations that we have. 01:03:02.060 --> 01:03:06.740 And here in that diagram, you see that we do have problems that we 01:03:06.740 --> 01:03:07.440 have to cope with. 01:03:07.920 --> 01:03:11.800 So it's by no means solved, and we have to work on that. 01:03:13.020 --> 01:03:16.680 So, some critical remarks on the behavior of some people. 01:03:17.140 --> 01:03:22.280 We always have to look on what we are telling, and whether that is 01:03:22.280 --> 01:03:29.420 responsible, or really based on real technological results or not. 01:03:29.420 --> 01:03:34.680 And now the third problem, after fluctuations and uncertainty, is the 01:03:34.680 --> 01:03:36.960 problem of decentralization. 01:03:37.960 --> 01:03:43.360 So far, we are having a power system which is very centralized. 01:03:43.780 --> 01:03:47.620 There are a few companies who are actually providing the power. 01:03:48.120 --> 01:03:52.280 We have centralized power plants, and we have a system that is 01:03:52.280 --> 01:03:57.440 essentially tree structures, hierarchical, the power is generated, fed 01:03:57.440 --> 01:04:02.340 in at the top, flowing down to the bottom to all the end consumers, 01:04:02.860 --> 01:04:07.100 and so it's a nice system where you have power generation, power 01:04:07.100 --> 01:04:12.380 transmission, power distribution, and then there are all these nice 01:04:12.380 --> 01:04:17.600 power consumers who take the energy that is provided by the utility 01:04:17.600 --> 01:04:19.400 companies. 01:04:19.400 --> 01:04:23.640 And since this is a very stable system that worked very fine so far, 01:04:24.420 --> 01:04:29.940 there is almost nothing known about the current situation at those 01:04:29.940 --> 01:04:33.940 ends, those segments of the distribution grid. 01:04:34.040 --> 01:04:38.800 So this, what you see here, are two screenshots of a tool that is 01:04:38.800 --> 01:04:46.860 simulating the distribution network actually in one small city, small 01:04:46.860 --> 01:04:52.240 town in the Black Forest called Freiamt, and that was our pilot town 01:04:52.240 --> 01:04:54.020 that we had in the project Meragio. 01:04:54.180 --> 01:04:57.800 So this is something which was a result of the project Meragio. 01:05:00.160 --> 01:05:03.120 And so this simulation shows the following. 01:05:03.420 --> 01:05:10.320 It shows the voltage distribution at that segment of the power grid. 01:05:10.320 --> 01:05:16.420 Now this distribution grid here is a rural area, so it's having these 01:05:16.420 --> 01:05:17.360 long segments. 01:05:18.040 --> 01:05:21.060 It's not a meshed structure as you have in an urban area. 01:05:21.220 --> 01:05:25.360 So the topology of the networks is different in urban areas and in 01:05:25.360 --> 01:05:26.200 rural areas. 01:05:26.800 --> 01:05:31.620 And so here we have a typical rural area situation, and also typical 01:05:31.620 --> 01:05:36.360 nowadays for a rural area, that maybe just at the end here you have 01:05:36.360 --> 01:05:43.280 some houses where they have photovoltaic cells on the rooftops, and so 01:05:43.280 --> 01:05:44.520 they are generating power. 01:05:45.240 --> 01:05:50.220 And what is indicated here is the voltage increase due to heavy 01:05:50.220 --> 01:05:52.240 generation of photovoltaic power. 01:05:54.000 --> 01:05:59.840 And now you have this segment of the distribution grid, and you see 01:05:59.840 --> 01:06:03.680 here, I hope you can see that, a few lines are indicated in yellow. 01:06:04.300 --> 01:06:10.020 That means those yellow lines are at their limit capacity, limit 01:06:10.020 --> 01:06:10.500 bandwidth. 01:06:11.180 --> 01:06:17.060 They are not sufficiently thick to actually move all the electricity 01:06:17.060 --> 01:06:20.880 that is generated here into the system. 01:06:21.900 --> 01:06:23.760 So the voltage here has increased. 01:06:23.880 --> 01:06:27.720 That is indicated by this increasingly reddish color. 01:06:28.420 --> 01:06:31.200 The more red it looks, the higher is the voltage. 01:06:31.900 --> 01:06:35.520 If the color is black, it is normal voltage. 01:06:35.740 --> 01:06:38.720 Let's say 240 or 230 volt. 01:06:39.620 --> 01:06:43.220 And it means that at the substation, this here is the substation, 01:06:43.540 --> 01:06:51.300 where power is transformed from medium voltage to low voltage. 01:06:52.100 --> 01:06:58.080 If the distribution system operator is lucky, he has information like 01:06:58.080 --> 01:07:00.860 electronic information on what is happening at the substation. 01:07:01.700 --> 01:07:04.980 Quite often they don't know anything even about the substation. 01:07:05.080 --> 01:07:10.260 They can go there and look it up, and maybe there are some measuring 01:07:10.260 --> 01:07:15.320 instruments which show that, but normally they don't have that 01:07:15.320 --> 01:07:15.820 information. 01:07:16.080 --> 01:07:19.540 If they are lucky, they have it, but even if we assume that they would 01:07:19.540 --> 01:07:23.760 have information on all the situations at the substations, they would 01:07:23.760 --> 01:07:26.400 not see anything about this situation here. 01:07:26.480 --> 01:07:29.840 The only way they would get to know about that would be if some 01:07:29.840 --> 01:07:35.060 customer would call and say, you know, my electric devices are running 01:07:35.060 --> 01:07:35.820 havoc. 01:07:36.160 --> 01:07:40.480 They are just having problems because the voltage is really increased. 01:07:42.320 --> 01:07:47.040 The only way they can get that information nowadays is being informed 01:07:47.040 --> 01:07:49.260 by telephone from some angry customers. 01:07:50.080 --> 01:07:54.260 And unless they have smart metering systems, electronic metering 01:07:54.260 --> 01:07:57.700 systems, that's the only way they could find out about that. 01:07:58.220 --> 01:08:00.540 But so far they don't have that, at least in Germany. 01:08:00.940 --> 01:08:03.000 We don't have a rollout of smart metering systems. 01:08:03.480 --> 01:08:08.920 It just shows that is a situation that is real, just because we have 01:08:08.920 --> 01:08:13.680 power generation from PV cells, and PV cells very often are on 01:08:13.680 --> 01:08:17.040 rooftops of houses, and so we have exactly that situation. 01:08:18.020 --> 01:08:22.220 The normal situation of the distribution system operator would be, he 01:08:22.220 --> 01:08:25.960 has to make sure that he can cope with those situations, so he has to 01:08:25.960 --> 01:08:30.060 enforce the cable, put in more cables, being able to take all that 01:08:30.060 --> 01:08:30.360 power. 01:08:31.860 --> 01:08:38.160 Now there may be other situations on the same segment, where this is a 01:08:38.160 --> 01:08:42.320 situation where you don't have power input from photovoltaic cells, 01:08:42.420 --> 01:08:47.360 maybe it's at night time, but some people have not only solar panels 01:08:47.360 --> 01:08:53.700 on the rooftop, but also electric vehicles on their courtyard, and so 01:08:53.700 --> 01:08:55.760 they would like to recharge their batteries. 01:08:56.740 --> 01:09:01.380 And then they have quite a strong demand for power, more than the 01:09:01.380 --> 01:09:06.300 system currently can actually provide, so again there are some cables 01:09:06.300 --> 01:09:11.220 at their limit bandwidth, and so we have a voltage decrease at that 01:09:11.220 --> 01:09:13.180 segment of the distribution system. 01:09:13.180 --> 01:09:19.980 And so now we have, in one scenario, we have quite a high decrease of 01:09:19.980 --> 01:09:20.580 voltage. 01:09:20.980 --> 01:09:25.420 Here we have a situation where we have an increase in voltage, and now 01:09:25.420 --> 01:09:29.160 this is just, as I said, these are screenshots, this is something that 01:09:29.160 --> 01:09:29.820 is predicted. 01:09:30.600 --> 01:09:31.320 It will occur. 01:09:32.260 --> 01:09:37.820 Now, if you know about those predictions, and if you can make sure 01:09:37.820 --> 01:09:40.680 that this happens at the same time, you are fine. 01:09:40.680 --> 01:09:47.300 Because then you can balance the high demand from electric vehicles 01:09:47.300 --> 01:09:52.260 with the high power generation from photovoltaic panels, if it occurs 01:09:52.260 --> 01:09:53.160 at the same time. 01:09:54.660 --> 01:09:58.680 And if it occurs on the same segment of the distribution network, it 01:09:58.680 --> 01:10:04.340 doesn't help if on one part of the distribution system you have high 01:10:04.340 --> 01:10:08.560 generation, because there they have the photovoltaic cells, and two 01:10:08.560 --> 01:10:13.420 streets further on, they have, like on a different segment, they have 01:10:13.420 --> 01:10:18.420 the electric vehicles, because at the substations, this is not seen. 01:10:18.940 --> 01:10:23.180 And that means if it's not seen, this power generation here is not, 01:10:23.300 --> 01:10:26.820 would not, like if these would be connected in some way, it wouldn't 01:10:26.820 --> 01:10:30.840 help to have that power generation here to even out that voltage drop 01:10:30.840 --> 01:10:31.260 there. 01:10:31.260 --> 01:10:35.180 The only way you can deal with that, or you can balance out those 01:10:35.180 --> 01:10:38.160 things, would be to have it on the same segment. 01:10:39.660 --> 01:10:44.060 And for that, you need information on what kind of technology is 01:10:44.060 --> 01:10:46.400 available on those sites. 01:10:46.780 --> 01:10:51.520 And if you know things about that, you can try to control the use of 01:10:51.520 --> 01:10:56.560 batteries, and you cannot control really the photovoltaic panels, 01:10:56.720 --> 01:10:58.880 except for switching them off. 01:10:59.060 --> 01:11:02.960 You can take them out of operation, that's what you can always do, but 01:11:02.960 --> 01:11:05.860 you cannot say, I would like to have the power generation later, 01:11:06.380 --> 01:11:10.700 unless I have stationary batteries for intermediate storage. 01:11:11.820 --> 01:11:17.000 So, this is an essential problem, and it shows that it is a problem 01:11:17.000 --> 01:11:19.140 due to decentralization. 01:11:19.140 --> 01:11:24.520 Decentralization means having power generation in the low voltage area 01:11:24.520 --> 01:11:27.660 of the power grid, which was not designed for that. 01:11:28.520 --> 01:11:31.780 Our power system is designed such that power generation occurs 01:11:31.780 --> 01:11:37.960 centrally, with central power plants, and it is transmitted at high 01:11:37.960 --> 01:11:43.040 voltage, and then gradually transformed down to low voltage and 01:11:43.040 --> 01:11:43.800 consumed there. 01:11:44.440 --> 01:11:47.580 And all of a sudden, we have a situation where we have power 01:11:47.580 --> 01:11:52.900 generation locally in the low voltage area, and it doesn't help if we 01:11:52.900 --> 01:11:57.320 have many power generation units on some of those segments. 01:11:57.700 --> 01:12:01.780 So, some people say, we have these nice ideas about virtual power 01:12:01.780 --> 01:12:05.940 plants, where we have many local, let's say, combined heat and power 01:12:05.940 --> 01:12:11.540 plants in the basements of many houses, and if, let's say, at 01:12:11.540 --> 01:12:15.360 Stuttgart there is a high demand for power, and at Karlsruhe they have 01:12:15.360 --> 01:12:19.700 all these nice combined heat and power plants, they just all generate 01:12:19.700 --> 01:12:22.880 power and provide the power for those people at Stuttgart. 01:12:23.320 --> 01:12:25.900 But that would mean you have to transform, or you have to move the 01:12:25.900 --> 01:12:31.620 power that way into the higher level systems of the power grid, 01:12:31.620 --> 01:12:37.380 transform them to higher voltage, but the transformers are built for 01:12:37.380 --> 01:12:41.320 transforming them from higher voltage to lower voltage. 01:12:41.660 --> 01:12:43.140 They're not built for the opposite. 01:12:44.020 --> 01:12:45.780 You can do that, but it's not efficient. 01:12:46.580 --> 01:12:50.780 You have some electrical problems there, and so it doesn't really 01:12:50.780 --> 01:12:51.180 work. 01:12:51.580 --> 01:12:55.700 You can certainly just sell the power on the market, but it has to be 01:12:55.700 --> 01:13:01.300 in some way, it should be able to do that, or to help out really 01:13:01.300 --> 01:13:03.280 physically the power grid. 01:13:03.740 --> 01:13:07.000 And for that you have to look at the topology of the grid, where 01:13:07.000 --> 01:13:11.080 actually those power generators are located, in order to find out 01:13:11.080 --> 01:13:15.080 whether that's a real contribution to stabilizing the grid. 01:13:16.120 --> 01:13:17.840 So this is a real problem. 01:13:18.000 --> 01:13:20.120 All of a sudden we have a completely different system. 01:13:20.120 --> 01:13:25.960 And this is also some reason why our utility companies and the energy 01:13:25.960 --> 01:13:29.740 industry is so fond of having offshore wind parks. 01:13:29.960 --> 01:13:34.300 One reason is that they have more steady wind on the offshore wind 01:13:34.300 --> 01:13:35.460 parks on the sea. 01:13:35.760 --> 01:13:40.940 But the major reason is that if you have offshore wind parks, you have 01:13:40.940 --> 01:13:46.380 power generation, large power generation, which can be fed into a 01:13:46.380 --> 01:13:50.300 system that has not been changed structurally. 01:13:50.660 --> 01:13:54.100 You still have power in feed at the highest level, the highest power 01:13:54.100 --> 01:13:57.760 level, and then you can transmit and distribute in the normal way. 01:13:58.180 --> 01:13:59.820 You don't need to change the structures. 01:14:00.620 --> 01:14:05.180 If we have the same amount of power generation onshore, if we have it 01:14:05.180 --> 01:14:09.300 distributed everywhere, and that's a problem, because all of a sudden 01:14:09.300 --> 01:14:15.180 all those who are organizing the system so far need new ways of doing 01:14:15.180 --> 01:14:17.840 that, and many of them will run out of business. 01:14:18.660 --> 01:14:19.960 And this is what they don't like. 01:14:20.440 --> 01:14:24.740 And so since they are very influential, politically we get support for 01:14:24.740 --> 01:14:26.260 central power generation. 01:14:26.960 --> 01:14:32.780 There's another turn or attack that we see in the moment that the 01:14:32.780 --> 01:14:39.820 regulation just now is being done in a way to discourage people from 01:14:39.820 --> 01:14:44.080 generating power from combined heat and power plants locally, because 01:14:44.080 --> 01:14:50.280 that will pose problems to those who did the traditional business from 01:14:50.280 --> 01:14:51.560 centralized power plants. 01:14:51.560 --> 01:14:57.640 Although to actually manage the Energiewende, it would be perfect to 01:14:57.640 --> 01:14:58.180 have that. 01:14:58.680 --> 01:15:03.980 But that's a problem of who actually is determining what will happen. 01:15:04.120 --> 01:15:08.160 Those who have been the traditional players or those who try to get 01:15:08.160 --> 01:15:09.640 into the new situation. 01:15:09.880 --> 01:15:10.980 Very difficult situation. 01:15:11.200 --> 01:15:15.280 So you see, telling you about motivation, why we are active here, 01:15:15.440 --> 01:15:21.560 always has also to do with how the political world around us is 01:15:21.560 --> 01:15:25.280 developing, because that has to do with what kind of incentives do we 01:15:25.280 --> 01:15:27.800 get to modify the systems that we have. 01:15:28.500 --> 01:15:31.160 Okay, so three major challenges. 01:15:31.440 --> 01:15:34.960 Fluctuations, uncertainty, decentralization. 01:15:35.560 --> 01:15:37.040 That's what we have to cope with. 01:15:37.940 --> 01:15:42.360 Here again, another point of fluctuations on a very local basis. 01:15:42.820 --> 01:15:44.640 What kind of fluctuations do you see here? 01:15:44.640 --> 01:15:49.320 Here again, this voltage fluctuations on a very local area. 01:15:49.680 --> 01:15:57.160 So if we measure the voltage in our house, this has been measured at 01:15:57.160 --> 01:16:02.040 the FZI or PV power panels. 01:16:02.700 --> 01:16:05.780 So what you see here in yellow is PV power. 01:16:06.060 --> 01:16:08.460 In blue, you see the voltage. 01:16:09.280 --> 01:16:14.380 So how much power actually is generated from the PV cells on the 01:16:14.380 --> 01:16:14.780 rooftop? 01:16:15.460 --> 01:16:17.900 You see that's the yellow line. 01:16:18.160 --> 01:16:23.380 It's fluctuating quite a bit, because there has been quite a bit of 01:16:23.380 --> 01:16:26.780 clouds on the sky that day. 01:16:26.780 --> 01:16:32.880 And you see that the voltage fluctuations here are quite in sync, 01:16:33.600 --> 01:16:39.460 synchronized with the changes in power generation. 01:16:40.480 --> 01:16:49.660 And so this is just from PV panels having five kilowatt peak power 01:16:49.660 --> 01:16:50.180 generation. 01:16:50.180 --> 01:16:55.240 If you have many of them on the same segment of the power grid, you 01:16:55.240 --> 01:16:56.700 might have even more fluctuations. 01:16:56.860 --> 01:16:58.600 So the fluctuations here are not that large. 01:16:58.900 --> 01:17:06.680 Like this here is at 225 volt, this is at 232, so it's just a 7 volt 01:17:06.680 --> 01:17:07.260 difference. 01:17:07.760 --> 01:17:14.220 But if you have higher or larger capacity PV panels, a higher amount 01:17:14.220 --> 01:17:19.960 of power that is generated or not generated, you get higher effects on 01:17:19.960 --> 01:17:20.920 the voltage locally. 01:17:21.700 --> 01:17:25.700 So the question is, how do you respond to that? 01:17:25.880 --> 01:17:27.220 You can respond in two ways. 01:17:27.660 --> 01:17:33.860 You could say, I try to follow those deviations by modifying in some 01:17:33.860 --> 01:17:36.280 way or adjusting the load, which will be difficult. 01:17:36.980 --> 01:17:43.660 Some way would be, well, I build my devices in a very robust way, so 01:17:43.660 --> 01:17:47.740 that they don't suffer from having these voltage changes. 01:17:47.980 --> 01:17:49.800 Might be a reasonable thing to do. 01:17:50.260 --> 01:17:55.900 You could also say, I just store the energy somewhere in some storage 01:17:55.900 --> 01:17:58.300 tank, or electricity in a storage tank. 01:17:58.700 --> 01:18:03.000 Might have a battery for that or some capacitor or whatever you might 01:18:03.000 --> 01:18:03.320 have. 01:18:04.140 --> 01:18:06.500 And in that way, even out those fluctuations. 01:18:07.620 --> 01:18:11.620 Might be a very intelligent way of doing that, a technical way of 01:18:11.620 --> 01:18:12.240 doing that. 01:18:12.240 --> 01:18:18.640 And so that would be completely like power engineering, taking a 01:18:18.640 --> 01:18:23.000 different device for storing energy, and then evening out those 01:18:23.000 --> 01:18:23.500 fluctuations. 01:18:24.120 --> 01:18:25.760 Then you have a steady power supply. 01:18:27.260 --> 01:18:29.680 So many different ways of responding to that. 01:18:29.900 --> 01:18:34.840 And one way would be to in some way influence the demand inside the 01:18:34.840 --> 01:18:35.120 house. 01:18:35.660 --> 01:18:39.340 But certainly at that small time scale, it doesn't make sense. 01:18:40.620 --> 01:18:46.960 So, what we have to do is balancing demand and supply, because the 01:18:46.960 --> 01:18:51.260 problem is that electricity cannot be stored inside the grid. 01:18:52.100 --> 01:18:56.480 If we could store the energy inside the grid, we wouldn't have to talk 01:18:56.480 --> 01:19:00.540 about balancing demand and supply, because if there is higher demand, 01:19:01.220 --> 01:19:04.320 maybe we have some storage, can take it from there. 01:19:04.320 --> 01:19:09.780 If we have higher supply, we just put it in the storage, store it in 01:19:09.780 --> 01:19:10.880 the grid, that would be fine. 01:19:10.940 --> 01:19:12.300 This would be a perfect system. 01:19:12.440 --> 01:19:17.200 If we had a distribution system which locked large tanks in between, 01:19:17.680 --> 01:19:21.560 then we would have no problems with balancing demand and supply. 01:19:21.940 --> 01:19:24.520 This is what we know, for example, from the gas networks. 01:19:24.520 --> 01:19:34.600 Natural gas networks is having large storage devices which can store 01:19:34.600 --> 01:19:41.340 the gas, and so you can put in gas all the time and fill the storage 01:19:41.340 --> 01:19:47.440 tanks, and then simultaneously you might have some demand, smaller 01:19:47.440 --> 01:19:48.600 demand, higher demand. 01:19:48.600 --> 01:19:54.400 You don't need explicit control that demand and supply all the time 01:19:54.400 --> 01:19:55.480 are at the same level. 01:19:56.980 --> 01:20:02.100 And this immediately shows, depending on what kind of energy we are 01:20:02.100 --> 01:20:06.840 talking about, if we talk about electricity or about gas, both are 01:20:06.840 --> 01:20:11.900 forms of energy, we have to deal with completely different problems. 01:20:11.900 --> 01:20:17.520 And it might be interesting in some way if we have no flexibility or 01:20:17.520 --> 01:20:21.800 no storage capacity in the electricity network, maybe we can in some 01:20:21.800 --> 01:20:27.960 way transform electricity into gas and store it in the form of gas, 01:20:28.120 --> 01:20:30.340 because there we have those storage capacities. 01:20:30.880 --> 01:20:35.020 So there we have a lot of robustness, high degree of robustness in the 01:20:35.020 --> 01:20:40.520 gas network, and so if we could utilize that for coping with problems 01:20:40.520 --> 01:20:45.860 that we just looked at in the electricity system, that might lead to 01:20:45.860 --> 01:20:46.900 some solutions. 01:20:47.200 --> 01:20:50.080 And this is one of the roadmaps that I actually followed. 01:20:50.720 --> 01:20:55.820 So the traditional system is demand cannot be controlled, that's the 01:20:55.820 --> 01:20:59.860 current assumption, and electricity cannot be stored. 01:21:00.200 --> 01:21:01.380 This is a physical fact. 01:21:01.380 --> 01:21:05.800 At least cannot be stored, not in principle, we have batteries, we 01:21:05.800 --> 01:21:08.600 have capacitors and so on, but it cannot be stored in the grid. 01:21:09.220 --> 01:21:12.340 If we just have transmission lines, we cannot store electricity in the 01:21:12.340 --> 01:21:13.640 transmission and distribution lines. 01:21:15.060 --> 01:21:20.780 And for that we have one principle, that is the principle that supply 01:21:20.780 --> 01:21:21.940 follows demand. 01:21:21.940 --> 01:21:29.340 The supply is occurring only in the top level of that system, at the 01:21:29.340 --> 01:21:32.940 ultra -high voltage system, where here I only indicated high voltage, 01:21:33.060 --> 01:21:36.420 medium voltage, low voltage, actually there's the fourth layer of 01:21:36.420 --> 01:21:41.920 ultra -high voltage, of very high, ultra-high voltage, and the demand 01:21:41.920 --> 01:21:47.020 is always at the bottom, and it's sufficient to modify the supply, 01:21:47.020 --> 01:21:52.720 adjust that to the current need, and how do you know about the current 01:21:52.720 --> 01:21:53.120 need? 01:21:53.700 --> 01:21:58.120 There is one, I think, no I don't have it here, I didn't write it 01:21:58.120 --> 01:22:06.980 here, so what you can look at is the frequency, and the frequency 01:22:06.980 --> 01:22:14.020 usually is 50 hertz, and so if the frequency of 50 hertz means 01:22:14.020 --> 01:22:19.360 everything is fine, it's balanced, and if the frequency is going up, 01:22:19.480 --> 01:22:23.540 you have a surplus in power, if the frequency is going down, you have 01:22:23.540 --> 01:22:30.020 a deficit in power, and so you just have to do something if you notice 01:22:30.020 --> 01:22:35.860 a change in frequency, and the nice thing is that this is a global 01:22:35.860 --> 01:22:43.100 signal, and since it is a global signal, it means that you can measure 01:22:43.100 --> 01:22:49.000 it at any point in the network, you measure the frequency, almost at 01:22:49.000 --> 01:22:53.580 every place you have exactly the same measurement, and so you don't 01:22:53.580 --> 01:22:59.420 have to know why and where you currently have a surplus or deficit in 01:22:59.420 --> 01:23:05.680 power in the higher levels, you see the frequency, and you can respond 01:23:05.680 --> 01:23:10.260 just to the changes in frequency, and increase power generation or 01:23:10.260 --> 01:23:13.960 decrease power generation, and this is called spinning reserve, 01:23:14.120 --> 01:23:18.580 because the large turbines which are generating power are spinning 01:23:18.580 --> 01:23:24.480 around all the time, and so you can increase the power in order to 01:23:24.480 --> 01:23:28.640 speed them up, or decrease the power generation, and then they will 01:23:28.640 --> 01:23:34.720 slow down, and in this way maintain this frequency of 50 Hz, which is 01:23:34.720 --> 01:23:38.620 essential to have that frequency, because there are quite a few 01:23:38.620 --> 01:23:43.340 devices which need to operate at a fixed frequency, if you change 01:23:43.340 --> 01:23:46.180 that, certain technical equipment will get damaged. 01:23:47.220 --> 01:23:49.980 And so this is an important point, to have that stable frequency, but 01:23:49.980 --> 01:23:55.520 it's also something which is ingenious, to use that signal, because in 01:23:55.520 --> 01:23:59.740 that way you don't need any communication, you just have to look at 01:23:59.740 --> 01:24:04.960 the frequency, and you can respond to that with your device, like 01:24:04.960 --> 01:24:10.560 primary or secondary spinning reserve, like if you're operating such a 01:24:10.560 --> 01:24:18.040 device, having these rotating masses in the power generation plants, 01:24:18.780 --> 01:24:22.400 and you can respond to the changes in frequency. 01:24:23.040 --> 01:24:26.720 A perfect, ingenious system, because you don't need communication, you 01:24:26.720 --> 01:24:29.720 just do it, on a very short timescale. 01:24:29.840 --> 01:24:30.400 You have a question? 01:24:34.650 --> 01:24:39.150 More than 50 Hz means you have a surplus of energy, more than 50 Hz 01:24:39.150 --> 01:24:43.450 means the turbines, or these rotating masses are spinning around 01:24:43.450 --> 01:24:50.030 faster, that's why you have a surplus of energy, so you have less 01:24:50.030 --> 01:24:53.950 demand, and so they are spinning around faster, you have to reduce 01:24:53.950 --> 01:24:58.250 that, so you will reduce the amount of power that you actually put 01:24:58.250 --> 01:24:58.930 into the system. 01:24:59.790 --> 01:25:04.370 And if the frequency is going down, it means you have not sufficient 01:25:04.370 --> 01:25:09.850 power to actually make sure that they are running at a stable speed, 01:25:10.030 --> 01:25:12.450 and so you have to increase the power generation. 01:25:13.270 --> 01:25:20.470 That is spinning reserve, that is reserve means, the reserve in that 01:25:20.470 --> 01:25:25.670 case means that you have a certain reserve of functionality, or of 01:25:25.670 --> 01:25:32.310 some actions that you may take to balance out the system. 01:25:32.630 --> 01:25:37.850 If you have an unbalanced system, you can do something to get it in 01:25:37.850 --> 01:25:38.490 balance again. 01:25:38.490 --> 01:25:42.310 And that's the reserve capacity that you have, and you get that 01:25:42.310 --> 01:25:47.290 reserve capacity, because some companies who actually operate those 01:25:47.290 --> 01:25:51.770 power plants have made a contract with the transmission system 01:25:51.770 --> 01:25:58.090 operator, and this contract, which is based on some kind of 01:25:58.090 --> 01:26:02.710 competition for offering some service like that, you get the contract 01:26:02.710 --> 01:26:11.230 that says at any time you are willing and capable both, willing and 01:26:11.230 --> 01:26:16.610 capable to provide that extra energy, or that means either increase 01:26:16.610 --> 01:26:20.590 the power generation or decrease the power generation, such that you 01:26:20.590 --> 01:26:22.810 can stabilize to some extent. 01:26:23.190 --> 01:26:28.510 There are certain limits on some constraints on how much capacity you 01:26:28.510 --> 01:26:29.150 have to offer. 01:26:29.150 --> 01:26:32.270 That will be covered at a later point in the course. 01:26:43.090 --> 01:26:45.570 Maybe I will come back to that topic later on. 01:26:45.750 --> 01:26:48.350 That will be some solution, but there are many other alternatives to 01:26:48.350 --> 01:26:48.570 that. 01:26:49.530 --> 01:26:53.430 We'll come back to the problem of how we actually transform power into 01:26:53.430 --> 01:26:54.510 gas, or might do that. 01:26:54.510 --> 01:26:56.850 Okay, so this is... yeah? 01:27:05.050 --> 01:27:06.230 That's a different level. 01:27:06.530 --> 01:27:10.750 The primary reserve is to respond immediately, but only for a limited 01:27:10.750 --> 01:27:16.810 amount of time, maybe for 5 to 15 minutes or something, and then some 01:27:16.810 --> 01:27:18.350 other device has to take over. 01:27:19.150 --> 01:27:23.530 So maybe that a certain power plant is switched off for what kind of 01:27:23.530 --> 01:27:23.890 reasons. 01:27:24.070 --> 01:27:27.890 Something occurred there, had to be taken out of the system, then we 01:27:27.890 --> 01:27:29.650 have to respond immediately to that. 01:27:30.250 --> 01:27:32.810 And this is done by that spinning reserve, but only for a limited 01:27:32.810 --> 01:27:35.830 amount of time, and then somebody else has to take over. 01:27:36.290 --> 01:27:39.430 But somebody else means maybe some other power plant has to be 01:27:39.430 --> 01:27:40.090 switched on. 01:27:40.590 --> 01:27:41.690 This takes some time. 01:27:41.750 --> 01:27:45.770 They have a ramp up time before they actually can provide full power. 01:27:46.330 --> 01:27:48.270 And this has to be bridged in some way. 01:27:48.370 --> 01:27:49.870 This is done by the primary reserve. 01:27:50.490 --> 01:27:52.470 And then the secondary reserve takes over. 01:27:52.470 --> 01:27:57.650 And if it takes even longer, you have minute reserve, you have hour 01:27:57.650 --> 01:28:00.550 reserve, and even longer reserve. 01:28:00.670 --> 01:28:05.990 So it's a cascaded system, which is always taken over, like the lower 01:28:05.990 --> 01:28:10.350 level is taking over from the higher level after some time. 01:28:10.650 --> 01:28:16.330 But you have more time to organize this taking over, and so that can 01:28:16.330 --> 01:28:19.890 be done by other means, and there you can actually communicate who 01:28:19.890 --> 01:28:22.250 will take that job to do that. 01:28:23.530 --> 01:28:26.270 Okay, so that's the traditional system. 01:28:26.430 --> 01:28:32.490 It's a perfect system based on the current or the traditional energy 01:28:32.490 --> 01:28:32.970 network. 01:28:33.810 --> 01:28:38.750 Now, the future system, as I indicated, is looking differently. 01:28:39.470 --> 01:28:43.390 The future system there, that's what we see here, and all of a sudden 01:28:43.390 --> 01:28:46.030 we have supply at the low voltage level. 01:28:46.370 --> 01:28:47.170 That's a problem. 01:28:48.110 --> 01:28:51.530 It means we have a potential reversal of power flow. 01:28:52.070 --> 01:28:56.990 We have only partially controllable and decentralized supply. 01:28:57.510 --> 01:28:58.550 Completely different. 01:28:59.750 --> 01:29:04.290 And so the new principle in some way must be that demand has to follow 01:29:04.290 --> 01:29:04.830 supply. 01:29:05.190 --> 01:29:08.150 Something so far was assumed to be impossible. 01:29:09.730 --> 01:29:13.010 But somehow we have to deal with that challenge. 01:29:13.910 --> 01:29:17.930 And if it turns out it doesn't work, like recently, just a week ago, 01:29:18.570 --> 01:29:25.590 or it was last week, we had a meeting with the municipal, the 01:29:25.590 --> 01:29:30.030 Stadtwerke Karlsruhe, and they said, when I talked about we need 01:29:30.030 --> 01:29:33.830 flexibility in power demand, they said, you are kidding. 01:29:33.830 --> 01:29:38.670 The attempts to actually re-educate people have always failed. 01:29:38.830 --> 01:29:40.430 You will never be able to do that. 01:29:41.090 --> 01:29:45.010 If that's the final finding, if that would be the final finding, that 01:29:45.010 --> 01:29:48.790 we cannot control the demand, then we really have a problem. 01:29:49.250 --> 01:29:52.890 But we are very confident that we can do that, not re-educate people, 01:29:53.370 --> 01:29:58.310 but provide sufficient technology and incentives to actually do that. 01:29:58.310 --> 01:30:05.210 That demand will actually become more flexible, and this is what is 01:30:05.210 --> 01:30:05.750 required. 01:30:06.210 --> 01:30:11.850 Now I look at my watch, it's 3.35, we have to make a short break. 01:30:12.530 --> 01:30:14.550 So that's the first part.