WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:03.780 Hello, this is my pleasure to present to you the Future Circular 00:03.780 --> 00:04.580 Collider Study. 00:05.880 --> 00:10.540 The FCC study and program comprises two staged accelerator projects, 00:11.300 --> 00:15.480 the Lepton Collider FCC-E and the Hadron Collider FCC-HH. 00:16.260 --> 00:20.060 The aim of this setup is to devise a comprehensive, cost-effective 00:20.060 --> 00:22.760 program which maximizes the physics opportunities. 00:23.820 --> 00:28.420 The FCC-E will run at different beam energies, serving as Higgs 00:28.420 --> 00:31.700 factory, electroweak and top factory at the highest luminosities. 00:32.800 --> 00:36.400 It will cover the entire lab physics program in just two minutes. 00:38.300 --> 00:42.780 The FCC-HH with a beam energy of about 100 TeV is a natural extension 00:42.780 --> 00:46.800 of the high energy frontier and will also cover ion and electron 00:46.800 --> 00:48.020 -hadron collision options. 00:48.800 --> 00:51.440 This slide shows the layout of both machines. 00:52.320 --> 00:55.460 While they are complementary in their physics program, they share the 00:55.460 --> 00:56.040 same footprint. 00:56.920 --> 01:00.340 You can see on the right-hand side of the slide the location of the 01:00.340 --> 01:03.000 100 km circumference tunnel in the Geneva area. 01:04.760 --> 01:07.700 It will have common civil engineering and technical infrastructures 01:07.700 --> 01:10.360 and build on existing infrastructure at CERN. 01:11.480 --> 01:15.280 Both machines foresee two experimental regions, maybe up to four, in 01:15.280 --> 01:17.880 the same location along the FCC-HH. 01:17.880 --> 01:21.360 Let me start with stage one, the FCC-EE. 01:24.040 --> 01:27.500 The FCC-EE is a double ring plus-minus collider. 01:28.040 --> 01:32.520 It has basically the same footprint as the FCC-HH, except around the 01:32.520 --> 01:36.840 IPs, which feature an asymmetric interaction region layout to limit 01:36.840 --> 01:39.180 the synchrotron radiation incident on the detectors. 01:40.360 --> 01:43.700 The crossing angle is relatively large with 30 mm radii. 01:44.480 --> 01:48.240 A crack-waste optics allows to reach the higher target luminosities. 01:49.820 --> 01:53.420 At all foreseen beam energies, the synchrotron radiation power will 01:53.420 --> 01:55.340 not exceed 50 MW per beam. 01:56.380 --> 02:00.400 Like modern light sources, the FCC-EE features top-up injection with a 02:00.400 --> 02:03.920 booster synchrotron located right in the collider tunnel. 02:07.510 --> 02:10.530 An overview of the central parameters is shown in this table. 02:11.150 --> 02:14.830 While I will not go through all the numbers in detail, let me 02:14.830 --> 02:16.290 highlight a few worth mentioning. 02:17.330 --> 02:21.810 The lepton collider covers four different beam energies, with beam 02:21.810 --> 02:27.190 currents ranging from about 5 mA as at lab to above 1 A as is common 02:27.190 --> 02:28.090 at B-factories. 02:28.990 --> 02:33.830 The number of bunches per beam varies widely between beam energies to 02:33.830 --> 02:35.410 limit the synchrotron radiation impact. 02:36.770 --> 02:41.450 Vertical beta functions are as low as 1 mm for basically all the 02:41.450 --> 02:42.490 energy working points. 02:43.830 --> 02:50.090 This leads to rapid luminosities of 230 x 1034 at the Z, to 1.55 x 02:50.090 --> 02:54.690 1034 per square centimeter and second at TT-bar energies. 02:58.060 --> 03:01.840 The FCC-EE really is the most efficient Higgs and electroweak factory. 03:02.640 --> 03:06.680 This view graph shows the luminosity per supplied wall plug power as a 03:06.680 --> 03:10.000 function of center of mass energy for several proposed lepton 03:10.000 --> 03:11.160 colliders in comparison. 03:12.200 --> 03:15.220 You see in the middle the ILC with the red triangles. 03:15.940 --> 03:17.760 The gray squares stand for click. 03:18.620 --> 03:22.860 The yellow squares stand for the map muon collider, which increases in 03:22.860 --> 03:25.560 efficiency as the target center of mass energy rises. 03:26.560 --> 03:30.240 The green circles finally show the luminosity to wall plug power ratio 03:30.240 --> 03:31.420 for the FCC-EE. 03:32.080 --> 03:36.220 It is clearly evident that the FCC-EE is the most efficient solution 03:36.220 --> 03:37.920 for energies below TT-bar. 03:38.840 --> 03:43.680 To give you an idea, the electricity cost of a Higgs boson at FCC-EE 03:43.680 --> 03:45.500 would be roughly 200 euros. 03:49.140 --> 03:53.000 The FCC-EE design concept is based on lessons learned from early 03:53.000 --> 03:53.520 colliders. 03:53.940 --> 03:55.760 Let me just name a few examples here. 03:56.720 --> 04:01.280 From KKB and PEP2, it takes the double ring concept, the high beam 04:01.280 --> 04:02.680 currents and top-up injection. 04:03.960 --> 04:08.460 DAFNA and SuperKKB have successfully operated waste schemes with very 04:08.460 --> 04:10.880 low beta star and SuperKKB. 04:12.820 --> 04:16.180 High energy operation experience comes from LEP. 04:16.980 --> 04:20.440 Precision energy calibration was developed for LEP4M and LEP. 04:21.320 --> 04:25.940 The FCC-EE therefore combines the successful concepts of several 04:25.940 --> 04:29.100 recent colliders to reach the highest luminosities and energies. 04:29.860 --> 04:31.840 Let's go a bit into detail here. 04:34.830 --> 04:39.430 The FCC-EE targets record luminosities and a very low beta star. 04:40.730 --> 04:44.430 SuperKKB has already achieved a world record vertical beta star. 04:44.890 --> 04:48.270 The view graph on this slide shows the beta function as function of 04:48.270 --> 04:48.530 year. 04:50.630 --> 04:53.410 Crop waste solutions were implemented recently and successfully. 04:54.310 --> 04:57.630 I'd like to point out here the presentation of Kiyoshi Bata also in 04:57.630 --> 04:59.430 this session of our virtual conference. 05:00.670 --> 05:05.470 With these technologies, SuperKKB is demonstrating FCC-EE key 05:05.470 --> 05:06.050 concepts. 05:09.890 --> 05:13.530 Experience from LEP has shown that synchrotron radiation incident on 05:13.530 --> 05:15.050 the experiments can be initial. 05:16.230 --> 05:20.470 FCC-EE therefore foresees asymmetric interaction regions to suppress 05:20.470 --> 05:21.290 synchrotron radiation. 05:22.130 --> 05:26.990 Only two sextuples are required per final focus site, which means 05:26.990 --> 05:29.850 minimum non-linearity and a large dynamic aperture. 05:31.670 --> 05:35.250 Interaction region design combines local vertical chromaticity 05:35.250 --> 05:39.070 correction with the graph waste in a novel virtual graph waste scheme 05:39.070 --> 05:40.430 to optimize luminosity. 05:41.650 --> 05:45.650 The interaction region thus implements low incident synchrotron 05:45.650 --> 05:48.230 radiation with minimum non-linearities. 05:50.670 --> 05:54.590 The interaction region design also takes special measures in terms of 05:54.590 --> 05:59.070 shielding to tackle the main heat loads that are radiative scattering 05:59.070 --> 06:03.190 and resistive wall effects, which amount to kilowatt heat loads each, 06:04.030 --> 06:09.170 megawatt level beam scaling as well, and higher orbit modes and 06:09.170 --> 06:10.750 synchrotron radiation from quantum codes. 06:14.540 --> 06:18.220 Impedance mitigation is an important R&D topic for the FCC-EE. 06:19.180 --> 06:23.140 The resistive wall impedance of a 98 kilometer long collider is such 06:23.140 --> 06:26.400 that the microwave instability could become an issue if standard neck 06:26.400 --> 06:28.880 coatings of one micrometer thickness is used. 06:30.780 --> 06:33.300 This is shown on the plots on the left hand side. 06:34.220 --> 06:37.140 Thermal studies have shown, however, that this can be avoided if 06:37.140 --> 06:39.800 thinner coatings around 100 nanometer thickness are used. 06:40.780 --> 06:45.480 The FCC-EE requires the development and qualification of these ultra 06:45.480 --> 06:49.480 -thin neck coatings, for example in terms of pumping or secondary 06:49.480 --> 06:51.060 emission and so on. 06:52.120 --> 06:53.760 The R&D for this is ongoing. 06:56.460 --> 06:59.820 Another ongoing R&D topic is the bunch-by-bunch diagnostics. 07:01.260 --> 07:05.180 The FCC-EE bunch profiles are strongly affected by beam straddle when 07:05.180 --> 07:05.640 in collision. 07:05.640 --> 07:07.960 This is shown on the left hand side. 07:08.400 --> 07:11.640 It shows the difference in profile between a non-colliding and a 07:11.640 --> 07:12.320 colliding bunch. 07:13.500 --> 07:17.060 High-throughput single-shot diagnostics can monitor these effects. 07:18.140 --> 07:22.080 One option is a setup based on electro-optical spectral decoding, 07:22.440 --> 07:25.960 shown on the top right in the example of a system implemented at the 07:25.960 --> 07:27.520 Carro storage ring at KIT. 07:28.660 --> 07:31.440 The birefringence crystal is placed in the vacuum chamber. 07:32.140 --> 07:35.720 As the bunch passes the crystal, the birefringence changes and the 07:35.720 --> 07:39.080 signature of the bunch electrical field is modulated onto a chirped 07:39.080 --> 07:41.800 laser pulse passing through the crystal at the same time. 07:43.280 --> 07:46.840 An ultra-fast high-repetition rate line detector records the laser 07:46.840 --> 07:50.240 profiles, which allows to get back to the bunch profile. 07:51.460 --> 07:54.700 The example dataset shown at the bottom of the slide displays 07:54.700 --> 08:00.080 consecutive longitudinal bunch profiles taken at 2.7 MHz for a 08:00.080 --> 08:03.800 duration of about one millisecond during the onset of a micro-bunching 08:03.800 --> 08:04.240 instability. 08:08.310 --> 08:11.910 FCCEE takes precision requirements for beam energy calibration to the 08:11.910 --> 08:12.450 next level. 08:13.530 --> 08:16.510 It targets a 10 to the minus 6 effective relative uncertainty. 08:17.330 --> 08:20.630 The most precise way to measure the beam energy is resonant 08:20.630 --> 08:21.310 depolarization. 08:22.030 --> 08:25.190 This, however, requires a certain minimum level of beam polarization. 08:26.850 --> 08:30.390 Experience at lab showed a drop in polarization as a function of beam 08:30.390 --> 08:30.730 energy. 08:30.730 --> 08:35.830 Above 60 GeV, the polarization level was too low, so resonant 08:35.830 --> 08:37.630 depolarization could not be used. 08:38.550 --> 08:43.610 Studies indicate, however, that the FCCEE can still achieve around 30% 08:43.610 --> 08:46.150 polarization at 80 GeV. 08:46.750 --> 08:50.870 This means that energy calibration at 10 to the minus 6 levels is 08:50.870 --> 08:51.670 indeed feasible. 08:54.770 --> 08:58.270 Energy efficiency is a crucial parameter for the FCCEE. 08:59.070 --> 09:03.610 An ongoing R&D effort is therefore aimed at improving performance and 09:03.610 --> 09:06.110 efficiency, as well as at reducing costs. 09:07.450 --> 09:11.510 The R&D activities range from new cavity fabrication techniques to 09:11.510 --> 09:16.110 cryo -module design optimization to new megawatt-class power couplers 09:16.110 --> 09:18.390 and novel high-end efficiency fly stroms. 09:20.050 --> 09:25.310 The examples shown on the slide show a prototype FCC-SRF cavity at 09:25.310 --> 09:28.990 JLab, which significantly exceeds the requirement of FCC already 09:28.990 --> 09:33.450 today, and a new high-efficiency fly-strom in turn with an efficiency 09:33.450 --> 09:38.030 of 70% instead of the present 60%, which could make a difference of 09:38.030 --> 09:40.950 about 6 million euros in operation costs per year. 09:44.000 --> 09:47.080 Let us now talk about stage 2, the Hadron Collider. 09:49.200 --> 09:53.980 The FCCHH features an unprecedented beam energy of around 100 TeV. 09:54.840 --> 09:58.720 The synchrotron radiation power emitted is 2.4 megawatt, which means a 09:58.720 --> 10:01.920 challenging incident synchrotron radiation power on the vacuum chamber 10:01.920 --> 10:03.900 of 28.4 watts per meter. 10:04.860 --> 10:10.160 The peak luminosity for the two phases is 5 x 10 to the 34 per square 10:10.160 --> 10:15.600 centimeter and second, and 30 x 10 to the 34 per square centimeter and 10:15.600 --> 10:16.420 second respectively. 10:17.440 --> 10:21.740 The energy stored on a beam amounts to 8.4 gigajoules, which 10:21.740 --> 10:26.040 corresponds to an energy content of 2 tons of TNT, or 500 kilograms 10:26.040 --> 10:26.680 with cheese. 10:27.900 --> 10:32.120 A key parameter for the FCCHH is the high magnetic field of the 10:32.120 --> 10:33.580 dipoles with 16 Tesla. 10:34.900 --> 10:39.400 Indeed, there is still a significant amount of R&D required to achieve 10:39.400 --> 10:39.760 this. 10:43.430 --> 10:48.170 FCCHH means an increase by an order of magnitude in performance in 10:48.170 --> 10:49.690 both energy and luminosity. 10:49.690 --> 10:51.650 This is shown on the plot on the slide. 10:53.190 --> 10:57.710 The FCCHH will collect 20 inverse autobahns per experiment over a 20 10:57.710 --> 11:02.030 year running period, in comparison to just two inverse autobahns for 11:02.030 --> 11:02.650 the LHC. 11:03.910 --> 11:07.510 The performance step, by the way, is similar as the one from Tevatron 11:07.510 --> 11:08.350 to the LHC. 11:09.910 --> 11:12.910 As mentioned, the key technology are the high field magnets. 11:14.210 --> 11:18.610 At the LHC, 8.3 Tesla niobium titanium dipoles are installed. 11:19.690 --> 11:24.110 For high luminosity LHC, 11 Tesla niobium-3-tin technology will be 11:24.110 --> 11:24.410 used. 11:25.590 --> 11:29.870 Presently, a demonstrated Fermilab reached 14.1 Tesla based on niobium 11:29.870 --> 11:31.010 -3 -tin technologies. 11:33.430 --> 11:39.770 To reliably reach even higher values, towards 20 Tesla options, the R 11:39.770 --> 11:44.270 &D effort is ongoing, particularly in conductor key technologies and 11:44.270 --> 11:46.230 high temperature superconducting materials. 11:47.190 --> 11:51.090 This means, for example, R&D on high field and high current coated 11:51.090 --> 11:55.450 conductors with dedicated electrical and mechanical properties, and 11:55.450 --> 11:58.670 the development of corresponding cable technology and winding 11:58.670 --> 11:59.310 techniques. 12:00.290 --> 12:03.070 This picture here shows an example of a mobile cable. 12:06.690 --> 12:10.350 The synchrotron radiation loss at this machine is significant and 12:10.350 --> 12:11.650 provides a real challenge. 12:12.810 --> 12:16.470 In the arcs, 5 megawatt total synchrotron radiation power is emitted 12:16.470 --> 12:18.870 from the proton beam inside cold magnets. 12:20.610 --> 12:24.150 The plot on this slide shows the synchrotron radiation spectrum of the 12:24.150 --> 12:25.710 protons for different beam energies. 12:26.270 --> 12:29.470 At higher energies, it is indeed comparable to that of a light source. 12:30.950 --> 12:35.350 For FCC HH, we adopted a strategy to absorb the synchrotron radiation 12:35.350 --> 12:39.330 on a beam screen at higher temperature, that is about 40 to 60 Kelvin. 12:40.970 --> 12:44.690 The FCC has a novel double beam screen, which fulfills all 12:44.690 --> 12:45.250 constraints. 12:45.870 --> 12:49.490 Low impedance, large cooling channels, adequate pumping and the 12:49.490 --> 12:50.850 absorption of photoelectrons. 12:52.010 --> 12:56.230 With the FCC HH synchrotron radiation spectrum being comparable to a 12:56.230 --> 12:59.770 light source, a test infrastructure for beam screens has been set up 12:59.770 --> 13:01.050 at the CARA test facility. 13:03.130 --> 13:07.670 The photograph shows the FCC vacuum chamber cryogenic test beam line 13:07.670 --> 13:10.970 and the 2.5 V-electron synchrotron CARA at KIT. 13:12.050 --> 13:15.970 The sketch underneath the photograph shows the layout of the setup. 13:16.850 --> 13:20.050 Synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet is extracted and impacts 13:20.050 --> 13:20.950 on the test chamber. 13:22.330 --> 13:25.830 A liquid nitrogen line allows experiments at cryogenic temperatures. 13:27.390 --> 13:31.570 A drastic reduction of the molecular photodissorption yield by a 13:31.570 --> 13:36.610 factor of 15 was demonstrated for the FCC HH beam screen geometry, as 13:36.610 --> 13:38.010 shown in the top left plot. 13:39.790 --> 13:43.110 When irradiating at cold temperatures, even a factor 100 was observed. 13:46.900 --> 13:51.820 Let me now also say a few words on the implementation of the FCC. 13:54.620 --> 13:58.920 The photograph on the right displays an aerial view of the Geneva area 13:58.920 --> 14:03.860 with the LHC at the top and a 100-kilometer FCC in the center. 14:04.920 --> 14:08.440 The view graph on the left shows the geological profile along the 14:08.440 --> 14:11.360 tunnel circumference with the different materials at the tunnel 14:11.360 --> 14:14.320 location and the 12 access shafts. 14:15.480 --> 14:19.320 This baseline position was chosen such to have the lowest risk for 14:19.320 --> 14:22.720 construction as well as the fastest and cheapest possible 14:22.720 --> 14:23.600 construction. 14:24.940 --> 14:29.540 Another criterion were feasible positions for large span caverns, 14:29.620 --> 14:32.440 which are the most challenging structures of FCC. 14:33.140 --> 14:38.500 As it turns out, 75% of the tunnel are located in France, as are about 14:38.500 --> 14:40.060 two thirds of the access points. 14:41.600 --> 14:45.560 As a next step, locations for the surface sites and machine layout are 14:45.560 --> 14:46.160 being reviewed. 14:49.940 --> 14:53.420 Here you can see the integration of the machines into the tunnel of 14:53.420 --> 14:56.360 FCC -BE and FCC-HH respectively. 14:58.140 --> 15:03.580 The cross-section in the arcs has an inner diameter of 5.5 meters. 15:05.020 --> 15:08.780 Both machines fit into the identical tunnel geometry. 15:13.600 --> 15:17.060 Another engineering challenge is the reliable and stable supply of 15:17.060 --> 15:17.860 electrical power. 15:19.540 --> 15:24.180 Additional 200 megawatts will be available for FCC at each of the 15:24.180 --> 15:25.800 three 400 kilovolt sources. 15:27.180 --> 15:31.680 The conceptual design considers per-point power requirements as an 15:31.680 --> 15:32.000 input. 15:33.300 --> 15:37.460 If one power source goes down, a fallback to a degraded mode happens 15:37.460 --> 15:40.420 so that FCC remains cold and the vacuum is preserved. 15:45.380 --> 15:49.680 This slide shows the integral FCC timeline with its two stages. 15:50.660 --> 15:55.880 First, the FCC-BE construction followed by a 15-year operation period 15:55.880 --> 16:00.560 and then the FCC-HH accelerator construction with an operation period 16:00.560 --> 16:02.260 of about 25 years. 16:03.860 --> 16:06.880 The first construction period sees the setting up of the 16:06.880 --> 16:10.220 administrative procedures and so on, as well as the detailed 16:10.220 --> 16:13.600 infrastructure design, geological investigations, and tendering 16:13.600 --> 16:14.220 preparations. 16:15.600 --> 16:18.880 Afterwards, tunnel, site, and technical infrastructures are 16:18.880 --> 16:19.360 constructed. 16:21.000 --> 16:25.260 After a 10-year phase of accelerator R&D and technical design, the FCC 16:25.260 --> 16:28.380 -BE accelerator construction, installation, and commissioning takes 16:28.380 --> 16:29.440 place, shown in yellow. 16:31.400 --> 16:35.080 At the same time, superconducting wire and magnet R&D goes on for the 16:35.080 --> 16:39.960 FCC -HH, shown in green, followed by a building phase for long-model 16:39.960 --> 16:43.660 magnets, prototypes, and pre-series production in order for full 16:43.660 --> 16:47.480 -series production of the 16 Tesla dipoles to begin in time. 16:49.520 --> 16:53.740 The FCC-HH accelerator R&D and technical design work accompanies the 16:53.740 --> 16:55.040 FCC -BE operation. 16:56.660 --> 16:59.860 Construction, installation, and commissioning begin soon after the 16:59.860 --> 17:01.480 stop of the left-hand collider run. 17:05.600 --> 17:11.580 An important emphasis of FCC-BE accelerator R&D will be in optimized 17:11.580 --> 17:17.040 engineering design, will be on energy efficiency, on maintainability, 17:17.320 --> 17:19.340 and of course on industrialization. 17:21.460 --> 17:25.600 For the FCC-HH, the main challenge lies on the R&D of conductors and 17:25.600 --> 17:26.960 high -field magnet technologies. 17:31.590 --> 17:34.350 FCC truly is a collaborative, worldwide effort. 17:35.830 --> 17:38.810 Scientists and labs from all over the world contribute to a common 17:38.810 --> 17:39.130 goal. 17:40.470 --> 17:43.910 One example of many is my home institution, the Karlsruhe Institute of 17:43.910 --> 17:47.610 Technology, KIT, with its accelerator technology platform. 17:48.970 --> 17:52.290 KIT is one of the largest institutions for research and education in 17:52.290 --> 17:52.530 Germany. 17:53.710 --> 17:57.230 Recently, CERN and KIT announced their intention to intensify their 17:57.230 --> 18:00.670 cooperation in accelerator technology for future high-energy physics 18:00.670 --> 18:01.430 accelerators. 18:03.710 --> 18:09.050 Presently, 139 institutes from 34 countries are part of the global FCC 18:09.050 --> 18:09.850 collaboration. 18:11.310 --> 18:14.090 International collaboration is a prerequisite for success. 18:15.310 --> 18:18.590 Of particular importance are the 30 industrial partners. 18:19.870 --> 18:23.490 High-tech industry is essential to further advance and prepare the 18:23.490 --> 18:24.930 implementation of the FCC. 18:29.640 --> 18:32.820 Work on the FCC is supported by the European Commission. 18:33.560 --> 18:37.920 For example, the Verizon 2020 design study EuroCircle was completed at 18:37.920 --> 18:38.840 the end of last year. 18:40.040 --> 18:43.700 15 European partners were involved, along with partners at 18:43.700 --> 18:44.520 international level. 18:46.640 --> 18:51.500 The EuroCircle scope included the FCCHH key work packages like optics 18:51.500 --> 18:55.560 design of arc and interaction region, cryogenic beam vacuum system 18:55.560 --> 19:00.760 design, including the mentioned Tesla beam, and the 16 Tesla dipole 19:00.760 --> 19:01.200 design. 19:04.030 --> 19:08.710 The findings of the FCC study were documented in four conceptual 19:08.710 --> 19:09.710 design reports. 19:11.330 --> 19:17.690 Those design reports had more than 1350 contributors from over 350 19:17.690 --> 19:20.150 institutes, a truly global effort. 19:21.010 --> 19:25.430 And, which is also worthy of note, it was delivered right on schedule. 19:27.890 --> 19:32.290 The next step is the FCC innovation study, which was recently accepted 19:32.290 --> 19:33.930 for funding by the European Commission. 19:34.830 --> 19:38.610 It will address design optimization and construction planning, but 19:38.610 --> 19:42.410 also environmental impact assessment, user community building and 19:42.410 --> 19:47.750 public engagement, as well as the study of socio-economic impact of 19:47.750 --> 19:49.130 such a large-scale project. 19:50.310 --> 19:54.950 European partners, with about one third from the non-academic sector, 19:55.230 --> 19:57.230 are joined by non-European partners. 19:58.190 --> 20:01.170 Also, the host states are represented with regional authorities. 20:04.440 --> 20:07.480 Preparatory work with the host states is taking up pace. 20:08.680 --> 20:12.160 Administrative processes for the preparatory phase of FCC are being 20:12.160 --> 20:12.560 developed. 20:13.540 --> 20:17.020 An ongoing effort is the common optimization of collider tunnel and 20:17.020 --> 20:18.440 surface site infrastructures. 20:23.130 --> 20:26.510 FCC is the most efficient Higgs and electroweak factory. 20:27.690 --> 20:33.270 It covers center of mass energies from 90 to 365 GeV. 20:34.910 --> 20:39.110 All FCC key concepts, ingredients and parameters have already been 20:39.110 --> 20:42.170 demonstrated or exceeded at various past and present machines. 20:44.850 --> 20:47.610 The main technologies for FCC exist already today. 20:48.910 --> 20:53.650 A strong R&D program in industry is required with the aim to optimize 20:53.650 --> 20:58.150 energy efficiency, maintainability, machine availability and, also 20:58.150 --> 21:00.130 very important, construction cost. 21:02.390 --> 21:06.470 The FCC HH is the collider with the highest conceivable energy for the 21:06.470 --> 21:07.470 21st century. 21:08.590 --> 21:12.530 While the design is based on lessons learned from the LHC and required 21:12.530 --> 21:16.630 key technology, the high field 16 Tesla magnets is not yet available. 21:18.350 --> 21:21.830 A rigorous conductor and magnet R&D program is needed to have magnets 21:21.830 --> 21:26.190 available towards the end of FCC operation, which could be around 2050 21:26.190 --> 21:27.530 to 2055. 21:29.410 --> 21:34.550 FCC-E and FCC HH together make up an integrated program with an 21:34.550 --> 21:36.630 efficient and coherent long-term strategy. 21:37.670 --> 21:41.370 That is the sharing of the same tunnel and technical infrastructures, 21:41.370 --> 21:44.410 perhaps even detector modules. 21:45.410 --> 21:49.610 A complementary physics program and the exploitation of existing 21:49.610 --> 21:53.470 certain infrastructure and experience gained from lab and LHC. 21:56.820 --> 22:00.900 The first phase of the FCC design study has been completed. 22:01.800 --> 22:04.840 The baseline machine designs with the performance matching the physics 22:04.840 --> 22:07.260 requirements has been published in four CDRs. 22:08.780 --> 22:12.820 The integrated FCC program has been submitted to the European strategy 22:12.820 --> 22:13.260 update. 22:14.460 --> 22:18.220 Next steps are the drafting of a concrete local and regional 22:18.220 --> 22:21.640 implementation scenario in close collaboration with the host state 22:21.640 --> 22:26.260 authorities, accompanied by machine optimization, physics studies and 22:26.260 --> 22:27.140 technology R&D. 22:28.040 --> 22:32.440 This work is supported by the Horizon 2020 design study FCC-IS. 22:33.620 --> 22:38.540 All these efforts are leading towards one long-term goal, to provide a 22:38.540 --> 22:41.600 world -leading high-energy physics infrastructure for the 21st 22:41.600 --> 22:45.640 century, which pushes the particle physics precision and energy 22:45.640 --> 22:47.920 frontiers far beyond their present limits.